涯

涯	U+6DAF, 涯 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DAF

← 涮
[U+6DAE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

涰 →
[U+6DB0]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

涯 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水一土土 (EMGG), four-corner 3111₄, composition ⿰氵厓)

References

KangXi: page 627, character 38

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17582

Dae Jaweon: page 1029, character 24

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1643, character 7

Unihan data for U+6DAF

Chinese

simp. and trad.		涯
alternative forms		漄厓

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (圭) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
街	kreː, kreː
鞋	ɡreː, ɡreː, *ɡreː
娾	ŋreː, ŋreːʔ
佳	*kreː
鮭	ɡreː, kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
涯	ŋreː, ŋre
崖	ŋreː, ŋre
啀	*ŋreː
厓	*ŋreː
捱	*ŋreː
睚	*ŋreːs
娃	*qreː
洼	qreː, qʷraː, *kʷeː
哇	qreː, qʷraː
胿	ɡeː, kʷeː
溎	*qeːns
觟	*ɡʷraːʔ
黊	ɡʷraːʔ, ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː
蘳	ɡʷraːʔ, qʰʷe
蛙	qʷraː, qʷreː
窪	*qʷraː
卦	*kʷreːs
挂	*kʷreːs
掛	*kʷreːs
詿	kʷreːs, ɡʷreːs
罣	kʷreːs, ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs
絓	kʰʷreː, ɡʷreːs
鼃	ɢʷreː, qʷreː
圭	*kʷeː
珪	*kʷeː
邽	*kʷeː
閨	*kʷeː
袿	*kʷeː
窐	kʷeː, ɡʷeː
茥	kʷeː, kʰʷeː
桂	*kʷeːs
筀	*kʷeːs
奎	*kʰʷeː
刲	*kʰʷeː
蝰	*kʰʷeː
楏	*kʰʷeː
睳	*qʰʷeː
畦	*ɡʷeː
眭	ɡʷeː, sqʰʷe, qʰʷe, qʰʷi
烓	qʷeː, kʰʷeːŋʔ
跬	*kʰʷeʔ
恚	*qʷes
硅	*qʰʷreɡ

Etymology 1

From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 山 (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”), and 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Same word as 崖 (yá, “cliff”) and 睚 (yá, “rim (of the eye)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yá (ya²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngài

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngai²
Min Dong (BUC): ngài
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gâi / gâ

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngai⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³hhia

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yá
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yá
  - Wade–Giles: ya²
  - Yale: yá
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
  - Palladius: я (ja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaai⁴
  - Yale: ngàaih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngài
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngaiˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngai²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋai̯¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngai²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋaɪ¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngài
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâi
  - Tâi-lô: gâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaai
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡai²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
  - Tâi-lô: gâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡa²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngai⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³hhia
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦia̱²³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 涯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ia³⁵/
	Harbin	/ia²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iɑ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iɛ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ia⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ia⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iai²⁴/
	Xining	/ia²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ia⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ia⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ia⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ia²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ia⁵³/
	Guiyang	/ia²¹/
	Kunming	/ia̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/iɑ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ia⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ia¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiɑ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ia³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦia²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɑ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦie̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ŋa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ia³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ia¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iɒ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋai¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋɑi¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋai²¹/
	Nanning	/ŋai²¹/
	Hong Kong	/ŋai²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/gai³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋai⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋa³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋãi⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/zai³¹/

Middle Chinese: /ŋˠiᴇ/, /ŋˠɛ/

Rime
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (13)	佳 (31)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	魚羈切	五佳切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiᴇ/	/ŋˠɛ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚiɛ/	/ŋᵚæ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɛ/	/ŋæi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjiə̆/	/ŋaɨj/
Li Rong	/ŋje/	/ŋɛ/
Wang Li	/ŋǐe/	/ŋai/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋie̯/	/ŋai/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴	ngaai⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤrar/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋreː/, /*ŋre/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngɛ ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋˁrar/
English	river bank; limit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4535	4546
Phonetic component	圭	圭
Rime group	支	支
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	崖	宜
Old Chinese	/*ŋreː/	/*ŋre/

Definitions

涯

(literary, or in compounds) bank; shore
(literary, or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

(limit):

edit

Synonyms of 涯

崖 (yá) (literary, or in compounds)
沿子 (yánzi)
端倪 (duānní) (literary)
墘頭／墘头 (Min Nan)

沿邊／沿边 (yánbiān)
界線／界线 (jièxiàn)
邊／边 (biān)
邊墘／边墘 (Min Nan)

邊沿／边沿 (biānyán)
邊緣／边缘 (biānyuán)
邊角／边角 (biānjiǎo)
邊際／边际 (biānjì)

Compounds

不自涯
咫尺天涯
地角天涯
天涯 (tiānyá)
天涯咫尺
天涯地角 (tiānyá dìjiǎo)
天涯海角 (tiānyá hǎijiǎo)
天涯知己
明日天涯

水涯
津涯
海角天涯
涯分
涯涘
生涯 (shēngyá)
皮肉生涯
神女生涯

橫無際涯／横无际涯
浪跡天涯／浪迹天涯
涯詞／涯词
涯際／涯际
無涯／无涯 (wúyá)
筆墨生涯／笔墨生涯
苦海無涯／苦海无涯
際涯／际涯

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 涯 – see 𠊎 (“I; me; my”). (This character, 涯, is a variant form of 𠊎.)

References

“涯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

涯

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

shore, horizon

Readings

Go-on: げ (ge)
Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
Kun: はて (hate, 涯)

Compounds

一生涯(いっしょうがい) (isshōgai): lifetime
境涯(きょうがい) (kyōgai): circumstances; one's situation in life
公生涯(こうしょうがい) (kōshōgai): public life
際涯(さいがい) (saigai): limits; boundary; end
水涯(すいがい) (suigai): water's edge
全生涯(ぜんしょうがい) (zenshōgai): one's whole life
天涯(てんがい) (tengai): horizon; distant land; skyline; heavenly shores; remote region
生涯(しょうがい)学習(がくしゅう) (shōgaigakushū): lifelong learning

Etymology

By extension from verb 果てる (hateru, “to be at an end, to finish, to be done”).

The hate reading for 涯 is rare, and is not listed in all dictionaries.

Pronunciation

Kun'yomi
IPA^(key): [ha̠te̞]

Noun

涯(はて) • (hate)

the end of the land: the shore
the end of the visible world: the horizon

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 涯 (MC ŋˠiᴇ, ŋˠɛ). Recorded as Middle Korean 애 (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 涯 (eumhun 물가 애 (mulga ae))

Hanja form^? of 애 (“shore”).

Compounds

생애 (生涯, saeng'ae)
애한 (涯限, aehan)
경애 (境涯, gyeong'ae)
천애 (天涯, cheonae)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

涯: Hán Nôm readings: rượi, nhai, nhười, rười, nhầy

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