女
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Translingual
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Han character
女 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 女 (V), four-corner 40400, composition ⿻𡿨丆(GJKV) or ⿻𡿨𠂇(HT))
- Kangxi radical #38, ⼥.
Derived characters
Descendants
- め (Hiragana character derived from man'yōgana)
- メ (Katakana character derived from man'yōgana)
References
- KangXi: page 254, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6036
- Dae Jaweon: page 516, character 19
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1023, character 23
- Unihan data for U+5973
- Unihan data for U+F981
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 女 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Pictogram (象形) : a woman with breasts kneeling or standing. In modern form turned on left side: enclosed area is remnant of left breast (character's left, depicted woman's right), while right breast has disappeared. Graphically cognate to 母 (mǔ, “mother”), which has developed similarly, but also includes dots for nipples and has retained both breasts.
Etymology 1
| trad. | 女 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 女 | |
| alternative forms | 𠨰 | |
女性
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nja-ŋ/k (“woman”).
Pronunciation 2 is an exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
女
- woman; (only of humans in Standard Chinese) female
- daughter (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c)
- (Cantonese) girl; young female (Classifier: 條／条 c; 班 c)
- (Cantonese, slang) girlfriend (Classifier: 條／条 c)
- (Cantonese, card games) queen (Classifier: 張／张 c; 隻／只 c)
- (astronomy) the Girl (a Chinese constellation near Aquarius, 10th of the Twenty-Eight Mansions and part of the Black Turtle)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 女兒 (“daughter”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 女朋友 (“girlfriend”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 女朋友, 女友 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 女朋友 |
| Taiwan | 女朋友, 女友, 馬子 humorous or derogatory | |
| Chengdu | 女娃子, 女娃娃, 女娃兒, 盤子 | |
| Guilin | 𧊅 | |
| Xuzhou | 女朋友 | |
| Nanjing | 女朋友, 攀西 | |
| Singapore | 女朋友 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 女朋友, 女 |
| Hong Kong | 女朋友, 女友, 女, 女女, 菜 derogatory | |
| Taishan | 女朋友, 女 | |
| Dongguan | 皮油 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 女朋友 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 細妹朋友, 女朋友 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 妹子朋友, 女朋友 | |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 女朋友 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 女朋友 |
| Shishi | 女朋友 | |
| Taipei | 姼仔 GT | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 查某朋友 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 查某朋友 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 女朋友, 查某朋友 | |
| Chaozhou | 女朋友 | |
| Haifeng | 女朋友 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 查某朋友 | |
| Leizhou | 女朋友 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 女朋友 |
| Suzhou | 女朋友 | |
| Hangzhou | 女朋友 | |
| Ningbo | 女朋友 | |
| Zhoushan | 女朋友 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 妹子 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
Dialectal synonyms of 圈兒 (“queen (playing cards)”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | 疙瘩, 疙瘩包 |
| Luoyang | 皮蛋, 十二 | |
| Zhengzhou | 十二, 圈 | |
| Xi'an | 圈子 | |
| Ürümqi | 皮蛋, 圈子 | |
| Wuhan | 皮蛋, 蛋, 環, 婆婆 | |
| Guiyang | 蛋, 蛋蛋 | |
| Liuzhou | 悶, 丘 | |
| Xuzhou | 皮蛋, 皮球, 球蛋 | |
| Yangzhou | 皮蛋 | |
| Nanjing | 皮蛋 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 女 |
| Hong Kong | 女 | |
| Taishan | 女 | |
| Wuzhou | 敏 | |
| Yulin | 敏 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 皮蛋 |
| Lichuan | 皮蛋 | |
| Pingxiang | 蛋, 皮蛋架架 | |
| Hakka | Yudu | 圈子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 皮蛋 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 圈兒 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | Q, 卵 |
| Shantou | 箍, 𡚸, 妹 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 皮蛋 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 皮蛋 | |
| Suzhou | 蛋, 皮蛋 | |
| Ningbo | 皮蛋, 蛋 |
Compounds
Derived terms from 女
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Descendants
Pronunciation 2
Definitions
女
- † to give one's daughter in marriage; to give as wife
- 宋雍氏女於鄭莊公，曰雍姞。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Sòng Yōngshì nǜ yú Zhèng Zhuānggōng, yuē Yōng Jí. [Pinyin]
- The officer Yong of Song had married off a daughter, called Yong Ji [雍姞; Yong was the father's clan name (氏); Ji the surname (姓)] to duke Zhuang of Zheng.
宋雍氏女于郑庄公，曰雍姞。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Etymology 2
| For pronunciation and definitions of 女 – see 汝 (“you”). (This character, 女, is a variant form of 汝.) |
References
- “女”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
Compounds
- 女王 (jōu), 女王 (jōō), 女王 (nyōu, “queen”)
- 女医 (joi, “female doctor”)
- 少女 (shōjo, “young girl, style of anime for young women”)
- 女系 (jokei, “woman-succession; matrilineal”)
- 女傑 (joketsu, “brave woman”)
- 女権 (joken, “women's rights”)
- 女史 (joshi, “Ms.”)
- 女中 (jochū, “maid”)
- 処女 (shojo, “virgin, maiden”)
- 女子 (joshi, “girl”)
- 女児 (joji, “female infant”)
- 女神 (joshin)
- 女性 (josei, “woman”)
- 女声 (josei, “female voice”)
- 女婿 (josei), 女壻 (josei, “son-in-law”)
- 女帝 (jotei, “empress”)
- 女優 (joyū, “actress”)
- 女流 (joryū, “female”)
- 女郎 (jorō, “prostitute”)
- 女官 (nyokan, “court lady”)
- 女性 (nyoshō)
- 女将 (nyoshō, “mistress, hostess”)
- 女人 (nyonin, “woman”)
- 女房 (nyōbō, “wife”)
- 悪女 (akujo)
- 王女 (ōjo), 王女 (ōnyo, “princess”)
- 皇女 (ōjo)
- 宮女 (kyūjo)
- 孝女 (kōjo, “filial daughter”)
- 工女 (kōjo, “female worker”)
- 皇女 (kōjo, “imperial princess”)
- 才女 (saijo)
- 二女 (jijo)
- 次女 (jijo)
- 侍女 (jijo)
- 淑女 (shukujo)
- 信女 (shinnyo)
- 仙女 (sennyo), 仙女 (senjo, “fairy, nymph, elf”)
- 善女 (zennyo)
- 善男善女 (zennan zennyo)
- 息女 (sokujo, “daughter”, honorific)
- 男女 (danjo)
- 男尊女卑 (dansonjohi)
- 痴女 (chijo, “slut, female libertine”)
- 長女 (chōjo, “eldest daughter”)
- 天女 (tennyo)
- 東女 (tonjo)
- 男女 (nannyo)
- 老若男女 (rōnyaku nannyo)
- 美女 (bijo, “beauty, belle”)
- 本女 (ponjo)
- 魔女 (majo, “witch”)
- 遊女 (yūjo)
- 幼女 (yōjo)
- 養女 (yōjo)
- 老女 (rōjo)
- 女将 (okami)
- 女形 (oyama)
- 貴女 (anata)
- 海女 (ama)
- 瞽女 (goze)
- 女衒 (zegen)
- 侍女 (makatachi), 従女 (makatachi)
- 巫女 (miko)
- 皇女 (miko)
- 湯女 (yuna)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| おんな Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨womi1na⟩ → */womʲina/ → /womʉna/ → /wonːa/ → /onːa/
Shift from Old Japanese womina → omina. See the 女 (omina) entry for further details.
Now one of the standard Japanese words for "a woman".
Noun
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 女し (onnashi)
- 女親 (onnaoya, “female parent”)
- 女形 (onnagata, “male actor in female role of kabuki”)
- 女神 (onnagami)
- 女子 (onnago)
- 女心 (onna-gokoro, “woman's mind”)
- 女坂 (onnazaka)
- 女手 (onnade, “female worker”)
- 女友達 (onna tomodachi, “girlfriend, female friend”)
- 男女 (otoko-onna)
- 彼女 (kanojo, “girlfriend”, literally “she”)
- 下種女 (gesu onna)
- 雪女 (yuki onna, “snowwoman”)
Idioms
- 女になる (onna ni naru)
- 女を上げる (onna o ageru)
Proverbs
Proverbs
- 女氏無くして玉の輿に乗る (onna ujinakushite tama no koshi ni noru)
- 女賢しくて牛売り損なう (onna sakashikute ushi urisokonau)
- 女三界に家なし (onna sangai ni ie nashi)
- 女三人寄れば姦しい (onna sannin yoreba kashimashī)
- 女の足駄にて造れる笛には秋の鹿寄る (onna no ashida ni te tsukureru fue ni wa aki no shika yoru)
- 女の一念岩をも通す (onna no ichinen iwa o mo tōsu)
- 女の髪の毛には大象も繫がる (onna no kami no ke ni wa taizō mo tsunagaru)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| おみな Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨womi1na⟩ → */womʲina/ → /omina/
From Old Japanese.[3]
The initial /wo/ expressed "small, youth" and contrasted with /o/ "grown, old" (as in 嫗 (omina, “old woman”)), while the medial /mi/ is cognate with 女 (me, “female, woman”, see below). According to Frellesvig (2010), proto-Japonic /e/ became Old Japanese [je] in final position and [i] elsewhere; analogous with PJ /o/, which became OJ [wo] in final position and [u] elsewhere (though PJ /i/ and /u/ also existed, compare Old Japanese 火's two readings /po/ & /pu/ in Western & Eastern Old Japanese, respectively (Vovin, 2017)).
Pronunciation
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| め Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨me1⟩ → */mʲe/ → /me/
From Old Japanese,[4] from Proto-Japonic *mia.
Noun
女 • (me)
Usage notes
Used more in compounds than on its own.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 女女しい (memeshii), 女々しい (memeshii, “unmanly, effeminate, sissy”)
- 姪 (mei, “niece”)
- 夫婦 (meoto, “man and wife, married couple”)
- 女親 (meoya, “mother”, archaic)
- 女神 (megami, “goddess”)
- 女瓦 (megawara)
- 女木 (megi, “female tree; lower or receiving piece of wood in a join”)
- 女君 (megimi): polite term for another person's wife or daughter
- 女子 (meko, “woman and child; girl”)
- 雌 (mesu), 牝 (mesu, “female animal”)
- 女滝 (medaki): in a waterfall with two cataracts, the smaller of the two
- 女竹 (medake)
- 娶る (metoru, “get married”)
- 女波 (menami): the smaller waves
- 婚く (memaku, “get married”)
- 女の子 (me no ko, “girl; woman”)
- 乳母 (menoto), 傅 (menoto, “nanny; wetnurse; foster parent”)
- 郎女 (iratsume): (archaic) an ancient term of endearment for referring to a woman or girl
- 浮かれ女 (ukareme), 浮女 (ukareme, “female entertainer or prostitute”)
- 采女 (uneme)
- 乙女 (otome, “maiden”)
- 姑 (shūtome, “mother-in-law”)
- 手弱女 (taoyame), 手弱女 (tawayame)
- 端女 (hashitame, “servant girl”)
- 姫 (hime, “princess”)
- 日孁 (hirume), 日霊 (hirume), 日女 (Hirume)
- 娘 (musume, “daughter”)
- 嫁 (yome, “bride”)
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| Grade: 1 |
| irregular |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 嬢 |
⟨womi1na⟩ → */womʲina/ → /womʉna/ → /woũna/ → /woːna/ → /oːna/
Variant shift from Old Japanese womina → omina (see above).
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| Grade: 1 |
| irregular |
/wonːa/ → /wona/ → /ona/
Shift from onna (see above).
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| Grade: 1 |
| irregular |
/wona/ → /wonaː/ → /onaː/
Long-pronounced form of ona (see above).
Etymology 7
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 女 |
| じょ Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
/dɨo/ → /d͡ʑo/
From Middle Chinese 女 (MC ɳɨʌX, ɳɨʌH).
Proper noun
- (Chinese astronomy) the Girl constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
- Synonyms: うるき星 (Urukiboshi), 女宿 (Joshuku)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- womina at OxFord-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese
- National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (2020), “Old Japanese mye”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese
- Horiuchi, Hideaki; Ken Akiyama (1997) Taketori Monogatari, Ise Monogatari, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 女 (MC ɳɨʌX, ɳɨʌH). Recorded as Middle Korean 녀 (nye) (Yale: nye) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Compounds
Compounds
- 여체 (女體, yeoche)
- 여인 (女人, yeoin)
- 여자 (女子, yeoja)
- 여장 (女裝, yeojang)
- 여진 (女眞, yeojin)
- 여성 (女性, yeoseong)
- 여신 (女神, yeosin)
- 여왕 (女王, yeowang)
- 여동생 (女同生, yeodongsaeng)
- 여학생 (女學生, yeohaksaeng)
- 차녀 (次女, chanyeo)
- 창녀 (娼女, changnyeo)
- 처녀 (處女, cheonyeo)
- 미녀 (美女, minyeo)
- 손녀 (孫女, sonnyeo)
- 소녀 (少女, sonyeo)
- 소녀 (小女, sonyeo)
- 수녀 (修女, sunyeo)
- 숙녀 (淑女, sungnyeo)
- 양녀 (養女, yangnyeo)
- 처녀막 (處女膜, cheonyeomak)
- 약혼녀 (約婚女, yakhonnyeo)
- 남존여비 (男尊女卑, namjonyeobi)
- 중남경녀 (重男輕女, jungnamgyeongnyeo)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 女 / 汝 (MC ȵɨʌX).
Vietnamese
Han character
女: Hán Việt readings: nữ (
女: Nôm readings: nợ[1][2][3][6][4][5][7], nữa[1][2][3][4][5][7], nữ[1][2][6][4][7], nỡ[1][2][3][6], nớ[3][6][4][5], nhỡ[1][3][6], lỡ[2][3][6], nửa[1][3], nhớ[1], nự[3]
Compounds
Compounds
- 宮女 (cung nữ)
- 腐女 (hủ nữ)
- 閨女 (khuê nữ)
- 嬌女 (kiều nữ)
- 伎女 (kỹ nữ)
- 烈女 (liệt nữ)
- 魔女 (ma nữ)
- 美女 (mĩ nữ)
- 男女 (nam nữ)
- 男女授受不親 (nam nữ thụ thụ bất thân)
- 男清女秀 (nam thanh nữ tú)
- 男食如虎，女食如貓 (nam thực như hổ, nữ thực như miêu)
- 男尊女卑 (nam tôn nữ ti)
- 玉女 (ngọc nữ)
- 一男曰有，一女曰無 (nhất nam viết hữu, thập nữ viết vô)
- 兒女 (nhi nữ)
- 女眞 (Nữ Chân)
- 女正 (nữ chính)
- 女工 (nữ công)
- 女界 (nữ giới)
- 女皇 (nữ hoàng)
- 女郎 (nữ lang)
- 女流 (nữ lưu)
- 女儿 (nữ nhi)
- 女娲 (Nữ Oa)
- 女權 (nữ quyền)
- 女士 (nữ sĩ)
- 女生 (nữ sinh)
- 女神 (nữ thần)
- 女性 (nữ tính)
- 女妝 (nữ trang)
- 女子 (nữ tử)
- 女將 (nữ tướng)
- 女王 (nữ vương)
- 婦女 (phụ nữ)
- 士女 (sĩ nữ)
- 侍女 (thị nữ)
- 少女 (thiếu nữ)
- 庶女 (thứ nữ)
- 淑女 (thục nữ)
- 賤女 (tiện nữ)
- 信女 (tín nữ)
- 素女 (tố nữ)
- 孫女 (Tôn Nữ)
- 貞女 (trinh nữ)
- 重男輕女 (trọng nam khinh nữ)
- 長女 (trưởng nữ)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Génibrel (1898).
- Hồ (1976).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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