See also:
U+8B19, 謙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19

[U+8B18]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8B1A]

Translingual

Han character

(Kangxi radical 149, +10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿X金 (YRTXC), four-corner 08637, composition)

Derived characters

  • 𡄫

References

  • KangXi: page 1175, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+8B19

Chinese

trad.
simp.
2nd round simp. 𰵋

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Etymology

Cognate with (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, modest) (Geilich, 1995).

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰiɑm²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /him⁵³/
Nanning /him⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /him⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰiam⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kiŋ⁵⁴/
/kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰiam³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xiam²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (29)
Final () (157)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () IV
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰem/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰem/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰɛm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɛm/
Li
Rong
/kʰem/
Wang
Li
/kʰiem/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰiem/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
him1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ khem ›
Old
Chinese
/*k-r̥ˁem/
English modest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 6070
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰeːm/

Definitions

  1. humble; modest
  2. 15th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds

  • 一謙四益一谦四益
  • 你謙我讓你谦我让
  • 和謙和谦 (Héqiān)
  • 太謙太谦
  • 平易謙沖平易谦冲
  • 恭謹謙和恭谨谦和
  • 撝謙㧑谦
  • 滿招損,謙受益满招损,谦受益 (mǎn zhāosǔn, qiān shòuyì)
  • 益謙虧盈益谦亏盈
  • 者者謙謙者者谦谦
  • 自謙自谦 (zìqiān)
  • 謙以下士谦以下士
  • 謙光谦光
  • 謙克谦克
  • 謙卑谦卑 (qiānbēi)
  • 謙卑感谦卑感

Japanese

Shinjitai
Kyūjitai
[1]

󠄁
+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
󠄃
+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. humble; modest (Can we add an example for this sense?)

Readings

References

  1. ”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia) (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 사양할 (sayanghal gyeom))

  1. Hanja form? of (refuse, decline).
  2. Hanja form? of (humble, modest).
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