ja
Translingual
English
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From the Revised Romanization of Korean 자 (ja).
Alternative forms
Noun
ja (plural jas or ja)
- (Korean units of measure) Synonym of Korean foot: a traditional unit of length equivalent to about 30.3 cm.
Anagrams
Afrikaans
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jaː/
Audio (file)
Alemannic German
Etymology
From Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, Dutch ja, English yea, Swedish ja.
References
- Abegg, Emil, (1911) Die Mundart von Urseren (Beiträge zur Schweizerdeutschen Grammatik. IV.) [The Dialect of Urseren], Frauenfeld, Switzerland: Huber & Co., page 13.
Assan
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *axʷ (“I”). Compare Kott ai (“I”), Pumpokol ad (“I”), and Arin aj.
Synonyms
Related terms
Atong (India)
References
- van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.
Catalan
Derived terms
Further reading
- “ja” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Cimbrian
Etymology
From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, English yea.
References
- “ja” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Danish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ja/, [jɛ]
- IPA(key): /jar/, [jæɐ̯]
- Rhymes: -a
Antonyms
Related terms
Dutch
Alternative forms
- (obsolete) jae
Etymology
From Middle Dutch ja, from Old Dutch *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.
Pronunciation
audio (file) - IPA(key): /jaː/
Adverb
ja
- yes
- Wil je met ons meegaan? — Ja, graag!
- Would you like to come with us? — Yes, I'd love to!
- Wil je met ons meegaan? — Ja, graag!
Synonyms
Noun
ja m or n (plural ja's, diminutive jaatje n)
- yes
- Een ja kan je krijgen, een nee heb je al.
- A yes you can get, a no you already have.
- Het begon met een ja...
- It began with a yes...
- Een ja kan je krijgen, een nee heb je al.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Interjection
ja
- yes!
- "Ja!" riep hij luid toen er een doelpunt viel.
- Yes! he screamed loudly when they scored a goal.
- Synonym: yes
- "Ja!" riep hij luid toen er een doelpunt viel.
- (Suriname, informal, colloquial) A casual greeting acknowledging the presence of a person, chiefly someone the speaker is not acquainted with or is not friends with; hey, hi, what's up
- (Suriname, informal, colloquial) Used as a request for someone to repeat something not heard or understood clearly.
Esperanto
Etymology
Borrowed from German ja. Compare Polish jo, Yiddish יאָ (yo), English yea. Related to jes.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ja]
- Audio:
(file) - Hyphenation: ja
Adverb
ja
- indeed
- 2015, Kalle Kniivilä, “Sopiro al Sovetio [Yearning for the Soviet Union]”, in Krimeo estas nia [Crimea is ours]:
- Sed la bona soveta tempo neniam revenos. Ĝi ja neniam ekzistis.
- But the good Soviet times will never return, because they never existed.
- (literally, “But the good Soviet time will never come back. It indeed never existed.”)
-
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *ja, from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh.
Synonyms
Faroese
Etymology
From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɛaː/
Declension
Declension of ja | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n3 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | ja | jaið | ja | jaini |
accusative | ja | jaið | ja | jaini |
dative | jai | jainum | jaum | jaunum |
genitive | jas | jasins | jaa | jaanna |
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *ja (compare Estonian ja, Ingrian ja, Livonian ja, Votic ja), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”) (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ɑ
- Syllabification(key): ja
Usage notes
- On the differences between ja and sekä:
- ja can be used more widely than sekä. As an example, sekä may not be used to join two independent clauses.
- sekä has a nuance of the things being more separate than with ja. If both words are used, ja ties things closer together than sekä.
- mansikka- ja vadelmahillo sekä muut hedelmäsäilykkeet ― strawberry and raspberry jam as well as other fruit preserves
- Vaahdota voi sekä sokeri ja sekoita joukkoon kuivat aineet. ― Cream the butter and sugar, and mix in the dry ingredients.
- In legal language, ja and sekä are distinguished more clearly. sekä is considered "stronger" than ja. For example, an attribute specified before a list will apply to every item with ja, but not with sekä.
- paineella tyhjennettävät ja täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure
- paineella tyhjennettävät sekä täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure
Synonyms
- sekä (see the above usage notes)
Declension
Rarely inflected; if inflection is necessary, it is used as a first component in a compound, such as JA-portti ("AND gate").
Inflection of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | ja | jat | ||
genitive | jan | jaiden jaitten | ||
partitive | jata | jaita | ||
illative | jahan | jaihin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | ja | jat | ||
accusative | nom. | ja | jat | |
gen. | jan | |||
genitive | jan | jaiden jaitten | ||
partitive | jata | jaita | ||
inessive | jassa | jaissa | ||
elative | jasta | jaista | ||
illative | jahan | jaihin | ||
adessive | jalla | jailla | ||
ablative | jalta | jailta | ||
allative | jalle | jaille | ||
essive | jana | jaina | ||
translative | jaksi | jaiksi | ||
instructive | — | jain | ||
abessive | jatta | jaitta | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of ja (type rosé) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
- Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
Garo
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Synonyms
German
Etymology
From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”), from Proto-Indo-European *yē (“already”). Cognate with Dutch ja (“yes”), English yea (“yes, yea”), Spanish ya (“already”), and Latin iam (“already”). More at yes.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jäː] (Standard, overall more common)
- IPA(key): [ʝäː] (standard, overall less common)
audio (file) Audio (file) - IPA(key): [jɑː] (Austrian German)
- IPA(key): [jɒ~jɔ] (Austrian German, common in casual speech as an influence of the Austro-Bavarian language)
- Rhymes: -aː
- Homophone: Jahr (according to a widespread pronunciation of this word)
Adverb
ja
- yes; yea, yeah, aye
- Synonym: jawohl
- Willst du das? Ja. ― Do you want that? Yes.
- Aber ja! ― Yes, of course!
- (intensifier) obviously; certainly; of course; really; just; as you know; as is generally known (indicates and emphasises that one is expressing a known fact)
- Synonyms: doch, bekanntlich
- Es kann ja nicht immer so bleiben. ― It obviously cannot always remain so.
- Der Peter war ja gestern krank. ― Peter was sick yesterday, as you know.
Usage notes
- (yes): Ja is used to indicate agreement with a positive statement. To contradict a negative statement (where English would use “yes”), doch is used instead.
- (obviously): Ja means roughly the same as English obviously or as you know, but given its shortness it is used much more frequently. In colloquial German, ja is used in most statements of facts already known to the one addressed.
Antonyms
Gothic
Gutnish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jaː/, [jɑː]
Alternative forms
- jag (Fårö and Lau dialects)
Usage notes
Uncertain or stalling answer; jo is used for yes-no questions
Related terms
- (used for yes-no questions) jo, jå (Lau dialect)
Hausa
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈjɒ], [ˈjɒː] (the long pronunciation is used in case of great surprise)
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -jɒ
Interjection
ja
- (informal) yep (indicates agreement, approval, or understanding)
- (informal) oh (indicates understanding something finally after a misunderstanding or confusion)
- Este nem jár a vonat. – Ja, hát akkor menjünk busszal!
- “No train is leaving in the evening.” “Oh, well then let's travel by bus!”
- Ezt nem is Miki küldte! – Ja, lehet, hogy én értettem félre.
- “This was not sent by Miki!” “Oh, then I must have misunderstood it.”
Further reading
- (yep, oh): ja in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (indeed, actually, as a matter of fact): ja in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Ido
Etymology
Borrowed from French déjà, Italian già, Spanish ya, from Latin iam, replacing Esperanto jam which is cognate. Decision no. 987, Progreso VI.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʒa/, /d͡ʒa/
Derived terms
- ne ja (“not yet; not even”)
Related terms
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑ
- Hyphenation: ja
Conjunction
ja
- and
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
- Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
- Kiko and Miko are already swimming.
-
Adverb
ja
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Ultimately from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *ja (compare Swedish ja and German ja). Cognates include Finnish jaa and Estonian jah, jaa.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈjɑ/, [ˈjɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑ
- Hyphenation: ja
Particle
ja
- yes
- 1936, V. I. Junus; N. A. Iljin, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (toine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 42:
- Onok se maa teil?
- Ja, ono.- Is that your land?
Yes, it is.
- Is that your land?
-
Synonyms
Antonyms
Japanese
Lithuanian
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Declension
Lule Sami
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).
Maltese
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jaː/
- Usually unstressed and then automatically shortened to /ja/.
Usage notes
- While not obligatory even in standard Arabic, the vocative particle is predominantly omitted in Maltese. It does remain a common word, however, especially when equivalent to English “you”.
Maquiritari
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [hʷa]
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon
- Hall, Katherine Lee (1988), “ha:dü”, in The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volume I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University
- Hall, Katherine (2007), “hādɨ”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021
- Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012) Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, page 62–65, 71, 75
Mbati
North Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ja/
Northern Sami
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).
Pronunciation
- (Kautokeino) IPA(key): /ˈja/
Norwegian Bokmål
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɑː/
Audio (file)
Antonyms
References
- “ja” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Old French
References
- Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (ja)
Old Polish
Alternative forms
Etymology 1
Declension
This pronoun needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Polish: ja
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Interjection
ja
- (reduplicated) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- the name of some idol
References
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “ja”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Pennsylvania German
Alternative forms
Pite Sami
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).
Further reading
- ja in Bidumsáme Báhkogirrje (“Pite Sami word list”)
- Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish ja, from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ja/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: ja
Usage notes
Mute forms ("mię", "mi") cannot be used in accented positions in the sentence. "Mię" is considered dated in standard Polish, but can still be heard commonly in some dialects or in colloquial speech.
Declension
See also
- Appendix:Polish pronouns
Trivia
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ja is one of the top 10,355 most used words in Polish, appearing 16 times in scientific texts, 2 times in news, 84 times in essays, 892 times in fiction, and 2034 times in plays, totaling 3028 times, making it the 15th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
Further reading
- ja in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- ja in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- “ja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish], 2010-2022
- “JA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 04.09.2019
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807-1814), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 119
Portuguese
Russenorsk
Synonyms
References
- Ingvild Broch; Ernst H. Jahr (1984) Russenorsk: Et pidginspråk i Norge [Russenorsk: The pidgin language in Norway], 2 edition, Oslo: Novus Forlag
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jâː/
Declension
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jâ/
Interjection
ja
- Archaic form of jao.
- 1891, Srpske narodne pjesme:
- Ja Ivane, mio pobratime!
- O woe, Ivan, dear blood-brother!
-
Slovak
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ja]
Declension
References
- ja in Slovak dictionaries at slovnik.juls.savba.sk
Anagrams
Slovene
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jàː/, /jáː/
Further reading
- “ja”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxa/ [ˈxa]
- Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: ja
Derived terms
Further reading
- “ja”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swahili
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-jìja. Compare Zulu -za.
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Verb
-ja (infinitive kuja)
Conjugation
Conjugation of -ja | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. |
Swedish
Etymology 1
From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.
Pronunciation
- Interjection
- IPA(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/, /ja/
audio (file)
- Noun
- IPA(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/
Declension
Declension of ja | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Uncountable | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | |||
Nominative | ja | jaet | — | — |
Genitive | jas | jaets | — | — |
Etymology 2
See jag.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɑː/
Anagrams
Upper Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.
Declension
First person pronouns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||
Nominative | ja | mój | my | |||||
Genitive | mje (after preposition) mnje |
naju | nas | |||||
Dative | mi (after preposition) mni |
namaj | nam | |||||
Accusative | mje (after preposition) mnje |
naju | nas | |||||
Instrumental | mnu | namaj | nami | |||||
Locative | mni | nas | ||||||
Second person pronouns | ||||||||
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||
Nominative | ty | wój | wy | |||||
Genitive | æe (after preposition) tebje |
waju | was | |||||
Dative | æi (after preposition) tebi |
wamaj | wam | |||||
Accusative | æe (after preposition) tebje |
waju | was | |||||
Instrumental | tobu | wamaj | wami | |||||
Locative | tebi | was | ||||||
Third person pronouns | ||||||||
Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Neuter singular | Dual virile | Dual nonvirile | Plural virile | Plural nonvirile | ||
Nominative | wón | wona | wono | wonaj | wonej | woni | wone | |
Genitive | jeho (after preposition) njeho |
jeje (after preposition) njeje |
jeho (after preposition) njeho |
jeju | jich (after preposition) nich |
|||
Dative | jemu (after preposition) njemu |
jej (after preposition) njej |
jemu (after preposition) njemu |
jimaj (after preposition) nimaj |
jim (after preposition) nim | |||
Accusative | jón (after preposition) njón (animate) jeho (animate after preposition) njeho |
ju (after preposition) nju |
jo, je (after preposition) njo, nje |
jeju (after preposition) njeju |
jej (after preposition) njej |
jich (after preposition) nich |
je (after preposition) nje | |
Instrumental | nim | njej | nim | nimaj | nimi | |||
Locative | nich |
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *ja.
Pronunciation
- (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈʝɑ/, [ˈʝɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑ
- Hyphenation: ja
References
- V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “ja”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn
West Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ja/, /jaː/
Derived terms
Further reading
- “ja”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
West Makian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒa/
Yoruba
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒà/
Verb
jà
Usage notes
- ja before a direct object
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Verb
já
- (intransitive) to occur, to take place, to begin suddenly (to break out)
- Synonym: jà
- gudugbẹ̀ẹ́ já ― Calamity has broken out
Derived terms
- ajáàmù
- ìjá
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Derived terms
- ìjá
- jábọ́ (“to fall down”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Verb
já
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Derived terms
- já sí
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Verb
já
- (intransitive) to become saturated or oversaturated with something; to become too much of something
- iyọ̀ ọ́ já ọbẹ̀ yìí ― Salt has saturated this stew
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒá/
Zialo
References
- Kirill Vladimirovich Babaev, Zialo: the newly-discovered Mande language of Guinea (2010), page 213