剛強

See also: 刚强

Chinese

		hard; firm; strong hard; firm; strong; just; barely; exactly	strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better
trad. (剛強)		剛	強
simp. (刚强)		刚	强

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāngqiáng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄤㄑㄧㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gong¹ koeng⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kông-khiòng
Min Nan (POJ): kong-kiông / kong-kiâng / kang-kiông

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāngqiáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄤㄑㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gangciáng
  - Wade–Giles: kang¹-chʻiang²
  - Yale: gāng-chyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangchyang
  - Palladius: ганцян (gancjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰjɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gong¹ koeng⁴
  - Yale: gōng kèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gong¹ koeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gong¹ kêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰœːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kông-khiòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: gong´ kiongˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gong¹ kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /koŋ²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kong-kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongkioong
  - IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiâng
  - Tâi-lô: kong-kiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kongkiaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kang-kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kangkioong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/

Middle Chinese: /kɑŋ ɡɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古郎切	巨良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑŋ/	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaŋ/	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kɑŋ/	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kɑŋ/	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑŋ/	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāng	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gong¹	koeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaŋ N-kaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ ɡaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāng	qiáng
Middle Chinese	‹ kang ›	‹ gjang ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaŋ/	/*N-kaŋ/
English	strong; hard	strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	剛	強
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	3713	10318
Phonetic component	岡	强
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	岡	強
Old Chinese	/*klaːŋ/	/*ɡaŋ/
Notes		彊省聲而非弘聲，通借爲彊

Adjective

剛強

firm; staunch; unyielding

Synonyms

edit

Synonyms of 剛強

婞直 (xìngzhí)
悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
倔強／倔强 (juéjiàng)
剛愎／刚愎 (gāngbì) (literary)
剛毅／刚毅 (gāngyì)
剛烈／刚烈 (gāngliè)

堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
愚躕／愚蹰 (Min Nan)
擰／拧 (nìng)
頑強／顽强 (wánqiáng)

This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.