苦寒

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	cold; poor; to tremble
trad. (苦寒)		苦	寒
simp. ^#(苦寒)		苦	寒

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): kǔhán

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄏㄢˊ

(Chengdu, SP): ku³ han²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔhán
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄏㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔhán
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-han²
  - Yale: kǔ-hán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuuharn
  - Palladius: кухань (kuxanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ xän³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ku³ han²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kuxan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu⁵³ xan²¹/

Adjective

苦寒

Synonyms

Synonyms of 苦寒

㾪赤 (Hokkien)
䆀康 (Hokkien)
厄 (è) (literary, or in compounds)
困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
困苦 (kùnkǔ)
散 (sǎn) (Hokkien)
散赤 (Hokkien)
淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
宋凶 (Hokkien)
散凶 (Hokkien)
困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)

困難／困难 (kùnnan)
困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
磽 (Teochew)
窮／穷 (qióng)
窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

Dialectal synonyms of 貧窮 (“poor; impoverished; poverty-striken”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		貧, 窮
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒
Mandarin	Taiwan	窮, 貧窮
	Yantai (Muping)	窮
	Luoyang	窮
	Wanrong	窮
	Xi'an	窮
	Yinchuan	窮
	Chengdu	苦寒
	Nanjing	窮
	Singapore	窮, 貧窮, 窮苦
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窮
	Hong Kong	窮
	Taishan	窮
Gan	Nanchang	窮
Gan	Pingxiang	窮
Hakka	Meixian	窮
Jin	Taiyuan	窮
Min Bei	Jian'ou	窮無
Min Dong	Fuzhou	窮
Min Nan	Xiamen	宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤
	Quanzhou	宋凶, 窮赤
	Hui'an	窮赤
	Zhangzhou	宋凶, 散, 散赤
	Tainan	散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦
	Shantou	窮, 磽
	Jieyang	窮, 磽
	Leizhou	窮, 蒯
Wu	Suzhou	窮
	Danyang	窮
	Hangzhou	窮
	Jinhua	倒灶

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