< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ъkъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property.

Suffix

*-ъkъ m

  1. Forms diminutives from old u-stem nouns
    *listъ (“leaf”) → *listъkъ (“leaflet, a small leaf”)
    *synъ (“son”) → *synъkъ (“boy, little son”)
    *bebrъ (“beaver”) → *bebrъkъ (“small beaver”)
    *medъ (“honey”) → *medъkъ (“honey product”)
  2. Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property (rare)
    *pętъ (“fifth”) → *pętъkъ (“Friday”)
    *četvьrtъ (“fourth”) → *četvьrtъkъ (“Thursday”)
    *pǫtevъ (“path-related”) → *pǫtъkъ (“footwear, shoe for walking”)
    *bělъ (“white”) → *bělъkъ (“albumen”)
    *žьltъ (“yellow”) → *žьltъkъ (“yolk”)
    *okrǫžьnъ (“circumferential”) → *krǫžьkъ (“circle, shape with circular form”)
  3. Structural formant, without a base noun to synchronically derive from
    *pěsъkъ (“sand”)
  4. Deverbal from the past participle in *-tъ, forms resultant nouns of the specified action
    *dobyti (“to extract”) → *dobytъ → *dobytъkъ (“stock”)
    *dati (“to give”) → *datъ → *datъkъ (“yield”)
    *zaperti (“to expire”) → *zapьrtъ → *zapъrtъkъ (“addle egg”)
    *začęti (“to conceive”) → *začętъ → *začętъkъ (“embryo, germ”)
  5. Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action
    *pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)
    *do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)
  6. Deverbal, forms an instance of the specified action
    *kyvati (“to knock, to hew”) → *kyvъkъ (“nod”)
    *telťì (“to shove, to pound”) → *tьlčьkъ (“push, impulse”)
    *mazati (“to anoint, to spread oil/paint”) → *mazъkъ (“dab, smear”)
    *glъtati (“to swallow”) → *glъtъkъ (“gulp”)
  7. Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er
    Synonyms: *-ьcь, *-slo
    *strěľati (“to knock, to hew”) → *strělъkъ (“shooter”)
    *skrebti (“to scrape”) → *skrebъkъ (“scraper”)
    *gǫděti (“to buzz, to honk”) → *gǫdъkъ (“horn, buzzer”)
    *pьlzti (“to craw”) → dial. *pьlžьkъ (“slug”)
  8. From propositions, forms an instance of the specified action
    *perdъ (“in front”) → *perdъkъ (“ancestor”)
    *po +‎ *tomь (“later on, over there”) → *potomъkъ (“descendant”)
Declension
Declension of *-ъkъ (hard o-stem)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *-ъkъ *-ъka *-ъci
Accusative *-ъkъ *-ъka *-ъky
Genitive *-ъka *-ъku *-ъkъ
Locative *-ъcě *-ъku *-ъcěxъ
Dative *-ъku *-ъkoma *-ъkomъ
Instrumental *-ъkъmь, *-ъkomь* *-ъkoma *-ъky
Vocative *-ъče *-ъka *-ъci
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Etymology 2

Adjectival suffix with analogical origin as the nominal suffix. Related to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz (when appended to u-stems) and Proto-Germanic *-agaz (to o-stems).

In rare case, both the original u-stem form (reanalyzed as an o-stem) and the extended *-ъkъ are attested: e.g. Old Church Slavonic крѣпъ (krěpŭ) : крѣпъкъ (krěpŭkŭ).

Suffix

*-ъkъ

  1. From nouns or adverbs, forms adjectives with pertaining meaning: -y
    *kortъ (“piece, bit”) → *kortъkъ (“short”)
    *nizъ (“down, below”) → *nizъkъ (“nether, low”)
    *slizъ (“slime”) → *slizъkъ (“slippery”)
    *goře(stь) (“sorrow, woe, tribulation”) → *gorьkъ (“bitter”)
    *tęžе(stь) (“weight”) → *tęžьkъ (“heavy”)
  2. Deverbial from the past participle, forms adjectives which approximate the meaning of the participle: -ly (rare)
    *plyti (“to float”) → *plytъ (“sunk”) → *plytъkъ (“shallow”)
    *pry(g)ti (“to spring, to jump”) → *prytъ (“sprung”) → *prytъkъ (“agile, nimble”)
    *viti (“to curve, to wind”) → *vitъ (“curved”) → *vitъkъ (“curvу, twisty”)
    *biti (“to beat, to fight”) → *bitъ (“beaten”) → *bitъkъ (“feisty, military”)
  3. (Extension) From former u-stem adjective (some of them surviving as re-analyzed o-stems), forms their doublets
    *gladъ → *gladъkъ (“smooth, plain”)
    *dьrzъ → *dьrzъkъ (“daring, bald”)
    *krěpъ → *krěpъkъ (“solid, firm”)
    *krěxъ → *krěxъkъ (“soft, mild”)
    **lьgъ → *lьgъkъ (“light”)
    **mělъ → *mělъkъ (“small, finely ground”)
    **tьnъ → *tьnъkъ (“thin”)
Alternative forms
  • *-ьkъ (when attached to yu-stems or spread from the ancient comparative in *-jьš-)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ъkъ *-ъka *-ъko
Accusative *-ъkъ *-ъkǫ *-ъko
Genitive *-ъka *-ъky *-ъka
Locative *-ъcě *-ъcě *-ъcě
Dative *-ъku *-ъcě *-ъku
Instrumental *-ъkomь *-ъkojǫ *-ъkomь
Vocative *-ъče *-ъko *-ъko
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ъka *-ъcě *-ъcě
Accusative *-ъka *-ъcě *-ъcě
Genitive *-ъku *-ъku *-ъku
Locative *-ъku *-ъku *-ъku
Dative *-ъkoma *-ъkama *-ъkoma
Instrumental *-ъkoma *-ъkama *-ъkoma
Vocative *-ъka *-ъcě *-ъcě
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ъci *-ъky *-ъka
Accusative *-ъky *-ъky *-ъka
Genitive *-ъkъ *-ъkъ *-ъkъ
Locative *-ъcěxъ *-ъkaxъ *-ъcěxъ
Dative *-ъkomъ *-ъkamъ *-ъkomъ
Instrumental *-ъky *-ъkami *-ъky
Vocative *-ъci *-ъky *-ъka
Definite declension of *-ъkъ (hard)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ъkъjь *-ъkaja *-ъkoje
Accusative *-ъkъjь *-ъkǫjǫ *-ъkoje
Genitive *-ъkajego *-ъkyję *-ъkajego
Locative *-ъcějemь *-ъcěji *-ъcějemь
Dative *-ъkujemu *-ъcěji *-ъkujemu
Instrumental *-ъkyjimi *-ъkǫjǫ *-ъkyjimi
Vocative *-ъkъjь *-ъkaja *-ъkoje
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ъkaja *-ъcěji *-ъcěji
Accusative *-ъkaja *-ъcěji *-ъcěji
Genitive *-ъkuju *-ъkuju *-ъkuju
Locative *-ъkuju *-ъkuju *-ъkuju
Dative *-ъkyjima *-ъkyjima *-ъkyjima
Instrumental *-ъkyjima *-ъkyjima *-ъkyjima
Vocative *-ъkaja *-ъcěji *-ъcěji
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ъciji *-ъkyję *-ъkaja
Accusative *-ъkyję *-ъkyję *-ъkaja
Genitive *-ъkъjixъ *-ъkъjixъ *-ъkъjixъ
Locative *-ъkyjixъ *-ъkyjixъ *-ъkyjixъ
Dative *-ъkyjimъ *-ъkyjimъ *-ъkyjimъ
Instrumental *-ъkyjimi *-ъkyjimi *-ъkyjimi
Vocative *-ъciji *-ъkyję *-ъkaja

Derived terms
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ъkъ
Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ьkъ

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ)
      Glagolitic script: -ⱏⰽⱏ (-ŭkŭ)
    • Bulgarian: -ък (-ǎk)
    • Macedonian: -ок (-ok)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: -ак
      Latin script: -ak
    • Slovene: -ek
  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: -ek
    • Kashubian: -k
    • Polish: -ek
    • Slovak: -ok
    • Slovincian: -k
    • Sorbian:
      • Upper Sorbian: -k
      • Lower Sorbian: -k

References
  • Šekli, Matej (2012), “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎ (in Slovene), volume 10, issue 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
  • Halla-aho, Jussi (2006) Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology: On the Basis of Old Church Slavic (Slavica Helsingiensia; 26), Helsinki: University of Helsinki, page 100
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