天災

See also: 天灾

Chinese

		day; sky; heaven	disaster; calamity
trad. (天災)		天	災
simp. (天灾)		天	灾

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tiānzāi

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢㄗㄞ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ zoi¹
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): thian-chai

(Teochew, Peng'im): tiang¹ zai¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tiānzāi
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄗㄞ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tianzai
  - Wade–Giles: tʻien¹-tsai¹
  - Yale: tyān-dzāi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tiantzai
  - Palladius: тяньцзай (tjanʹczaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰjɛn⁵⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tin¹ zoi¹
  - Yale: tīn jōi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzoi¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ zoi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-chai
  - Tâi-lô: thian-tsai
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tienzay
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ t͡sai³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tiang¹ zai¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang tsai
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sai³³/

Middle Chinese: /tʰen t͡sʌi/

Rime
Character	天	災
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	I
Fanqie	他前切	祖才切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/t͡sʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/t͡səi/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/t͡sɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/t͡səj/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/t͡sᴀi/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/t͡sɒi/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/t͡sɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	zāi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin¹	zoi¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n] [ts]ˤə/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn ʔslɯː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天	災
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān	zāi
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›	‹ tsoj ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time xˁ- > MC x-)	/*[ts]ˁə/
English	heaven	heaven	calamity
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天	災
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12387	16487
Phonetic component	天	災
Rime group	眞	之
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	天	烖
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*ʔslɯː/
Notes		烖籀文

Noun

天災

natural disaster; act of God (Classifier: 場／场; 次; 種／种)

Synonyms

Synonyms of 天災

劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
劫煞 (Min Nan)
厄 (è) (literary, or in compounds)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
沙𧐔 (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)

慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害／灾害 (zāihài)
災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
禍息／祸息 (Xiang)
禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

Derived terms

天災人禍／天灾人祸 (tiānzāirénhuò)
天災地孽／天灾地孽
天災地變／天灾地变

天災物怪／天灾物怪
害天災／害天灾

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天災):

→ Japanese: 天災(てんさい) (tensai)
→ Korean: 천재(天災) (cheonjae)
→ Vietnamese: thiên tai (天災)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	災
てん Grade: 1	さい Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) てんさい [tèńsáí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɰ̃sa̠i]

Noun

天(てん)災(さい) • (tensai)

natural disaster
- 2015 September 14, Shoji, Kaori, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎, retrieved 2023-04-11:
  The Japanese disaster comes in many forms, and saigai include tensai (天災, literally, heaven-sent disasters — i.e., natural ones) [...]

References

1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

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