客

客 U+5BA2, 客
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BA2
← 审
[U+5BA1]
CJK Unified Ideographs 宣 →
[U+5BA3]

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

客 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十竹水口 (JHER), four-corner 30604, composition ⿱宀各)

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 284, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7128
  • Dae Jaweon: page 561, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 927, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+5BA2

Chinese

simp. and trad.
客

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 客
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰraːɡ) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – a guest.

Etymology

Probably belongs to the word family of 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ, “to go, to come”). Schuessler (2007) cites Tibetan དགྲ (dgra, “enemy”) as a possible cognate.

Pronunciation


Note:
  • hak/hag5 - vernacular;
  • khiet/kêd5 - literary.
Note:
  • káh - vernacular;
  • káik - literary.
Note:
  • kheh/kheeh - vernacular;
  • khek/khiak - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 客
Mandarin Beijing /kʰɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹³/
/kʰɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰie¹³/
/kʰɤ⁵³/
Jinan /kə²¹/
/kʰei²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰə⁵⁵/
/kʰe⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kʰɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰei²¹/
Xining /kʰɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰa¹³/
/kʰə¹³/
Lanzhou /kʰə¹³/
Ürümqi /kʰɤ²¹³/
/kʰei⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /kʰe³¹/
Guiyang /kʰɛ²¹/
Kunming /kʰə³¹/
Nanjing /kʰəʔ⁵/
Hefei /kʰɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰaʔ²/
Pingyao /kʰʌʔ¹³/
/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /kʰaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kʰɑʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kʰa²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kʰɛʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kʰa⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kʰə²⁴/
Xiangtan /kʰæ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kʰɑʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hak̚¹/
Taoyuan /hɑk̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hak̚³/
Nanning /hak̚³³/
Hong Kong /hak̚³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰik̚³²/
/kʰeʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰɑʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰa²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰeʔ²/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xɛ⁵⁵/

Rime
Character 客
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 庚 (113)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 苦格切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰˠæk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰᵚak̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰak̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰaɨjk̚/
Li
Rong
/kʰɐk̚/
Wang
Li
/kʰɐk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰɐk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
ke
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 客
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
kè
Middle
Chinese
‹ khæk ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˁrak/
English guest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 客
Reading # 1/1
No. 3903
Phonetic
component
各
Rime
group
鐸
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
客
Old
Chinese
/*kʰraːɡ/

Definitions

客

  1. guest; visitor
    我家來客了。/我家来客了。  ―  Wǒ jiā lái kè le.  ―  A guest has come to visit my home.
  2. customer; client; consumer (Classifier: 個/个 c; 位 c)
    客滿/客满  ―  kèmǎn  ―  to have a full house
    今日鋪頭有個客好麻煩啊。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    今日铺头有个客好麻烦啊。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gam1 jat6 pou3 tau4-2 jau5 go3 haak3 hou2 maa4 faan4 aa3. [Jyutping]
    There was a really annoying customer at the store today.
  3. to treat with guest etiquette; to receive friendly
  4. minor; less major; less important
  5. Agent suffix, indicating “one that engages in ...”.
    政客  ―  zhèngkè  ―  politician
    刺客  ―  cìkè  ―  assassin
  6. one who sponges on a wealthy family; hanger-on; sponger
  7. traveller; passenger; one who lives away from home
  8. to live away from home; to live abroad
  9. (in general) people; person
  10. objective; beyond human consciousness
    客觀/客观  ―  kèguān  ―  objective
  11. Short for 客家 (kèjiā, “Hakka”).
    客話/客话 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  Hak-fa [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  Hakka language
    純客縣/纯客县  ―  chúnkèxiàn  ―  county whose residents are all Hakka people
  12. (dialectal) Classifier for units of food sold.
  13. a surname

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (客):
  • → Japanese: 客(きゃく) (kyaku)
  • → Korean: 객(客) (gaek)
  • → Vietnamese: khách (客)

Others:

  • → English: Khek (“Hakka”)
  • → Lao: ແຂກ (khǣk, “guest”)
  • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *khæk (“guest”)
    • White Hmong: qhua (“guest”)
  • → Thai: แขก (kɛ̀ɛk, “guest”)
  • → Zhuang: hek (“guest; tourist”)
  • → Vietnamese: Hẹ (“Hakka”)

References

Japanese

Kanji

客

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) きゃく [kyàkú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA(key): [kʲa̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

客(きゃく) • (kyaku) 

  1. guest; visitor
  2. customer; client
  3. patron

Usage notes

This is used as part of a form of address for a customer, like sir or ma'am. Because a customer is in a much higher social position, this word is used with the honorific prefix 御(お) (o-) and the honorific suffix さん (-san) or more often 様(さま) (-sama), rendering お客(きゃく)さん (okyaku-san) or お客(きゃく)様(さま) (okyaku-sama).

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 客 (MC kʰˠæk̚). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆨ〮 (kóyk) (Yale: koyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 客 (eumhun 손 객 (son gaek))

  1. Hanja form? of 객 (“guest”).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

客: Hán Nôm readings: khách

  1. chữ Hán form of khách (“visitor; guest”).
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