深刻

Chinese

		deep; profound	quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve; to engrave; to cut; oppressive
trad. (深刻)		深	刻
simp. ^#(深刻)		深	刻

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shēnkè

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄣㄎㄜˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sam¹ hak¹, sam¹ haak¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ̂m-khiet / chhṳ̂m-khiat
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chhim-khiak / chhim-khek

(Teochew, Peng'im): cim¹ kêg⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shēnkè
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄣㄎㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shenkè
  - Wade–Giles: shên¹-kʻo⁴
  - Yale: shēn-kè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenkeh
  - Palladius: шэнькэ (šɛnʹkɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂən⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sam¹ hak¹, sam¹ haak¹
  - Yale: sām hāk, sām hāak
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sam¹ hak⁷, sam¹ haak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: sem¹ heg¹, sem¹ hag¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐm⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/, /sɐm⁵⁵ haːk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̂m-khiet
  - Hakka Romanization System: ciim´ kied`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cim¹ kiad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨm²⁴ kʰi̯et̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ̂m-khiat
  - Hakka Romanization System: ciim´ kiad`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cim¹ kiad⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨm²⁴ kʰi̯at̚²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-khiak
  - Tâi-lô: tshim-khiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chimqiag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕʰim³³ kʰiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-khek
  - Tâi-lô: tshim-khik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: chimqeg
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪk̚³²/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕʰim⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪk̚³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: cim¹ kêg⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshim khek
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ kʰek̚²/

Middle Chinese: /ɕiɪm kʰək̚/

Rime
Character	深	刻
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	侵 (139)	登 (131)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	式針切	苦得切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕiɪm/	/kʰək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕim/	/kʰək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕjem/	/kʰək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕim/	/kʰək̚/
Li Rong	/ɕiəm/	/kʰək̚/
Wang Li	/ɕĭĕm/	/kʰək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯əm/	/kʰək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn	ke
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sam¹	hak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[l̥][ə]m [kʰ]ˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*hljum kʰɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	深	刻
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shēn	kè
Middle Chinese	‹ syim ›	‹ khok ›
Old Chinese	/*[l̥][ə]m/	/*[kʰ]ˁək/
English	deep	cut, engrave
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	深	刻
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	11255	4840
Phonetic component	罙	亥
Rime group	侵	職
Rime subdivision	3	0
Corresponding MC rime	深	刻
Old Chinese	/*hljum/	/*kʰɯːɡ/

Adjective

深刻

profound; deep
這段經歷給我留下了深刻的印象。 [MSC, trad.]
这段经历给我留下了深刻的印象。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhè duàn jīnglì gěi wǒ liúxià le shēnkè de yìnxiàng. [Pinyin]
This experience left a deep impression on me.
(Classical Chinese) strict and harsh
- 是時趙禹、張湯以深刻為九卿矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  是时赵禹、张汤以深刻为九卿矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Shì shí Zhào Yǔ, Zhāng Tāng yǐ shēnkè wéi jiǔqīng yǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)

Synonyms

(profound):

edit

孔 (kǒng) (literary)
幽幽 (yōuyōu)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
深入 (shēnrù)
深厚 (shēnhòu)

深層／深层 (shēncéng)
深篤／深笃 (shēndǔ)
深遠／深远 (shēnyuǎn)
篤深／笃深 (dǔshēn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (深刻):

→ Japanese: 深刻(しんこく) (shinkoku)
→ Korean: 심각(深刻) (simgak)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
深	刻
しん Grade: 3	こく Grade: 6
on’yomi

Adjective

深(しん)刻(こく) • (shinkoku) -na (adnominal 深(しん)刻(こく)な (shinkoku na), adverbial 深(しん)刻(こく)に (shinkoku ni))

serious, deep, heavy (topic), profound (change), weighty (matter)
深刻(しんこく)に悩(なや)んだ
shinkoku ni nayanda
seriously worried

Inflection

Inflection of 深刻

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	深刻だろ	しんこくだろ	shinkoku daro
Continuative (連用形)	深刻で	しんこくで	shinkoku de
Terminal (終止形)	深刻だ	しんこくだ	shinkoku da
Attributive (連体形)	深刻な	しんこくな	shinkoku na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	深刻なら	しんこくなら	shinkoku nara
Imperative (命令形)	深刻であれ	しんこくであれ	shinkoku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	深刻ではない深刻じゃない	しんこくではないしんこくじゃない	shinkoku de wa nai shinkoku ja nai
Informal past	深刻だった	しんこくだった	shinkoku datta
Informal negative past	深刻ではなかった深刻じゃなかった	しんこくではなかったしんこくじゃなかった	shinkoku de wa nakatta shinkoku ja nakatta
Formal	深刻です	しんこくです	shinkoku desu
Formal negative	深刻ではありません深刻じゃありません	しんこくではありませんしんこくじゃありません	shinkoku de wa arimasen shinkoku ja arimasen
Formal past	深刻でした	しんこくでした	shinkoku deshita
Formal negative past	深刻ではありませんでした深刻じゃありませんでした	しんこくではありませんでしたしんこくじゃありませんでした	shinkoku de wa arimasen deshita shinkoku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	深刻で	しんこくで	shinkoku de
Conditional	深刻なら（ば）	しんこくなら（ば）	shinkoku nara (ba)
Provisional	深刻だったら	しんこくだったら	shinkoku dattara
Volitional	深刻だろう	しんこくだろう	shinkoku darō
Adverbial	深刻に	しんこくに	shinkoku ni
Degree	深刻さ	しんこくさ	shinkokusa

Noun

深(しん)刻(こく) • (shinkoku)

seriousness

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