艱難

See also: 艰难

Chinese
difficult; hard; hardship
 
disaster; distress; to scold
disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (艱難) 艱 難
simp. (艰难) 艰 难

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 艱 難
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 山 (73) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II I
Fanqie 古閑切 那干切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠɛn/ /nɑn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kᵚæn/ /nɑn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kæn/ /nɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kəɨn/ /nan/
Li
Rong		 /kɛn/ /nɑn/
Wang
Li		 /kæn/ /nɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kăn/ /nɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiān nán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gaan1 naan4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 艱 難
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiān nán
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kɛn › ‹ nan ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˁrə[r]/ /*nˁar/
English difficulty difficult

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 艱 難
Reading # 1/1 1/2
No. 3912 4897
Phonetic
component		 艮 暵
Rime
group		 文 元
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 閒 難
Old
Chinese		 /*krɯːn/ /*n̥ʰaːn/
Notes 朱駿聲暵省聲

Adjective

艱難

  1. hard; difficult; challenging
    時局艱難／时局艰难  ―  shíjú jiānnán  ―  difficult political situation

Synonyms
Synonyms of 艱難
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Jinan 難
Xi'an 難
Wuhan 難
Chengdu 難
Guilin 難
Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Singapore 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Min Bei Jian'ou 難
Min Dong Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Min Nan Xiamen 惡, 歹 †, 艱苦
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †, 惡
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (艱難):
  • → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)
  • → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)
  • → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)

See also

Japanese
Kanji in this term
艱 難
かん
Hyōgaiji		 なん
Grade: 6
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
艱難 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

Noun

艱(かん)難(なん) • (kannan) 

  1. hardships, difficulties

Verb

艱(かん)難(なん)する • (kannan suru) suru (stem 艱(かん)難(なん)し (kannan shi), past 艱(かん)難(なん)した (kannan shita))

  1. to experience hardships, difficulties

Conjugation
Conjugation of "艱難する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 艱難し かんなんし kannan shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 艱難し かんなんし kannan shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 艱難する かんなんする kannan suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 艱難する かんなんする kannan suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 艱難すれ かんなんすれ kannan sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 艱難せよ¹
艱難しろ²		 かんなんせよ¹
かんなんしろ²		 kannan seyo¹
kannan shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 艱難される かんなんされる kannan sareru
Causative 艱難させる
艱難さす		 かんなんさせる
かんなんさす		 kannan saseru
kannan sasu
Potential 艱難できる かんなんできる kannan dekiru
Volitional 艱難しよう かんなんしよう kannan shiyō
Negative 艱難しない かんなんしない kannan shinai
Negative continuative 艱難せず かんなんせず kannan sezu
Formal 艱難します かんなんします kannan shimasu
Perfective 艱難した かんなんした kannan shita
Conjunctive 艱難して かんなんして kannan shite
Hypothetical conditional 艱難すれば かんなんすれば kannan sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Derived terms
  • 艱難辛苦(かんなんしんく) (kannanshinku)
  • 艱難苦労(かんなんくろう) (kannankurō)
  • 艱難汝(かんなんなんじ)を玉(たま)にす (kannannanji o tamanisu)

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
艱難

Noun

艱難 • (gannan) (hangeul 간난)

  1. Hanja form? of 간난 (“hardships, privations, tribulations”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term
艱難

Adjective

艱難

  1. chữ Hán form of gian nan (“miserably hard; difficult; tough”).
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