苦難

See also: 苦难

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (苦難)		苦	難
simp. (苦难)		苦	难

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔnàn

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄋㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² naan⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-nan
Min Nan (POJ): khó͘-lān

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔnàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄋㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔnàn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-nan⁴
  - Yale: kǔ-nàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuunann
  - Palladius: кунань (kunanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ nän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² naan⁶
  - Yale: fú naahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² naan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² nan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ naːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-nan
  - Hakka Romanization System: ku` nan
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ nan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ nan⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-lān
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-lān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoflan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lan³³/

Noun

苦難

hardship; suffering; misery; distress

Synonyms

痛楚 (tòngchǔ)
痛苦 (tòngkǔ)
苦楚 (kǔchǔ)

苦水 (kǔshuǐ) (figurative)
苦處／苦处 (kǔchù)
隱痛／隐痛 (yǐntòng)

Adjective

苦難

hard; miserable; distressing

Synonyms

Synonyms of 苦難

不容易 (bùróngyì)
勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
困難／困难 (kùnnan)
疑難／疑难 (yínán)

艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
難／难 (nán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (苦難):

→ Japanese: 苦難(くなん) (kunan)
→ Korean: 고난(苦難) (gonan)
→ Vietnamese: khổ nạn (苦難)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	難
く Grade: 3	なん Grade: 6
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
苦難 (kyūjitai)

Noun

苦(く)難(なん) • (kunan)

hardship; suffering
彼(かれ)は幾多(いくた)もの苦難(くなん)を乗(の)り越(こ)えてきた。
Kare wa ikuta mono kunan o norikoete kita.
He had to overcome quite many hardships.

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