劣

劣	U+52A3, 劣 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52A3

← 劢
[U+52A2]

CJK Unified Ideographs

劤 →
[U+52A4]

劣	U+F99D, 劣 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F99D

← 列
[U+F99C]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

咽 →
[U+F99E]

Translingual

Alternative forms

A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at U+F99D with no change in composition.
Note that in Japanese Kanji, Korean Hanja and Vietnamese Nom, the middle stroke of the top component 小 is written 亅 with a hook whereas in modern Chinese scripts the middle stroke is written 丨 with no downward hook.

Han character

劣 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火竹大尸 (FHKS), four-corner 9042₇, composition ⿱少力)

Derived characters

挘, 㭞, 𨦒, 𨾻, 𩷈, 𠢣, 𠣇, 𬏩

References

KangXi: page 146, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2302
Dae Jaweon: page 330, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 5
Unihan data for U+52A3
Unihan data for U+F99D

Chinese

simp. and trad.		劣

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 劣
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 少 (“little, less”) + 力 (“strength”). 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews) also functions as phonetic.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): liè, lüè (lie⁴, lüe⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄝˋ, ㄌㄩㄝˋ

(Chengdu, SP): nie² / ne²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lyut³, lyut⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lut²
Gan (Wiktionary): liet⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lot

(Meixian, Guangdong): lod⁵
Jin (Wiktionary): lyeh⁴
Min Bei (KCR): lṳĕ
Min Dong (BUC): luók
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): loa̍t / loat / lia̍t

(Teochew, Peng'im): luag⁴ / luêg⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): ⁵liq
Xiang (Wiktionary): lie⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liè
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liè
  - Wade–Giles: lieh⁴
  - Yale: lyè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lieh
  - Palladius: ле (le)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɛ⁵¹/
- (Beijing dialect, colloquial)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lüè
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lyuè
  - Wade–Giles: lüeh⁴
  - Yale: lywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liueh
  - Palladius: люэ (ljue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɥɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nie² / ne²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lie / le
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niɛ²¹/, /nɛ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lyut³, lyut⁶
  - Yale: lyut, lyuht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lyt⁸, lyt⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lüd³, lüd⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lyːt̚³/, /lyːt̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lut²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lut̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: liet⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɛt̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lot
  - Hakka Romanization System: lod`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lod⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /lot̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lod⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /lɔt̚¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lyeh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /lyəʔ²/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lṳĕ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lyɛ²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: luók
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃uɔʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loa̍t
  - Tâi-lô: lua̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: loat
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /luat̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /luat̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loat
  - Tâi-lô: luat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: load
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /luat̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍t
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liat
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɛt̚¹²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: luag⁴ / luêg⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: luak / luek
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /luak̚²/, /luek̚²/

Note:

luag4 - Shantou;
luêg4 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ⁵liq
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɪʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lie⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lie̞²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 劣
Mandarin	Beijing	/lyɛ⁵¹/ /liɛ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/liɛ²¹³/
	Tianjin	/lie⁵³/
	Jinan	/liə²¹/
	Qingdao	/liə⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/lyo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/lyɛ²¹/
	Xining	/lɨ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/lie¹³/
	Lanzhou	/lyə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/lyɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/nie²¹³/
	Chengdu	/nie³¹/ /ne³¹/
	Guiyang	/nie²¹/
	Kunming	/liɛ³¹/
	Nanjing	/lieʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/liɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/lyəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/liʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/liaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/liɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/liəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/lɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/le²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/le²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/liɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/lie²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nie²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/liɛʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lot̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lyt̚³/
	Nanning	/lyt̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/lyt̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/luat̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/luɔʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/lyɛ²⁴/ /liɛ²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/luak̚²/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/luak̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: /liuᴇt̚/

Rime
Character	劣
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	仙 (82)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力輟切
Baxter	ljwiet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liuᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lʷiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ljuæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lwiat̚/
Li Rong	/liuɛt̚/
Wang Li	/lĭuɛt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯wɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lüè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lyut⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*rod/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	劣
Reading #	1/1
No.	8142
Phonetic component	劣
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	劣
Old Chinese	/*rod/
Notes	力少會意，說文少聲非

Definitions

劣

(literary, or in compounds) small and weak; puny
(literary, or in compounds) bad; poor; inferior
(literary, or in compounds) slightly

Synonyms

(small and weak): 弱小 (ruòxiǎo)
(bad):

edit

Synonyms of 劣

不善 (bùshàn)
不好 (bùhǎo)
不妙 (bùmiào)
不腆 (bùtiǎn) (Classical Chinese, self-depreciatory)
了丁 (Min Nan)
低下 (dīxià)
低劣 (dīliè)
低路 (Min Nan)

垃圾 (lājī) (colloquial)
屎 (Cantonese)
差 (chà)
拙劣 (zhuōliè)
欠佳 (qiànjiā)
水皮 (shuǐpí) (Cantonese)
潮 (cháo) (colloquial, of quality or technique)
破 (pò) (colloquial)

鄙劣 (bǐliè) (literary)
不怎麼樣／不怎么样 (bùzěnmeyàng)
不濟／不济 (bùjì)
差勁／差劲 (chàjìn) (colloquial)
差氣／差气 (Min Nan)
無良／无良 (wúliáng) (formal)
蹩腳／蹩脚 (biéjiǎo)

Antonyms

(bad): 優／优 (yōu)

Compounds

下劣 (xiàliè)
乖劣
了劣
低劣 (dīliè)
劣化 (lièhuà)
劣匠
劣品
劣弧
劣性
劣怯
劣憋
劣把
劣株
劣根性 (liègēnxìng)
劣比
劣相
劣等 (lièděng)
劣等生 (lièděngshēng)
劣缺
劣行 (lièxíng)

劣角
劣蹶
劣酒
卑劣 (bēiliè)
卑劣手段
愚劣
憋劣
拙劣 (zhuōliè)
狠劣
窳劣 (yǔliè)
粗劣 (cūliè)
粗衣劣食
羸劣
臞劣
薄劣
陋劣
不劣方頭／不劣方头
優劣／优劣 (yōuliè)
優勝劣敗／优胜劣败
劣勢／劣势 (lièshì)

劣化警報／劣化警报
劣把頭／劣把头
劣敗／劣败
劣種／劣种 (lièzhǒng)
劣筆／劣笔
劣紳／劣绅 (lièshēn)
劣缺搊搜／劣缺𫼝搜
劣藥／劣药
劣貨／劣货
劣質／劣质 (lièzhì)
劣跡／劣迹 (lièjì)
劣跡昭著／劣迹昭著
劣馬／劣马
土豪劣紳／土豪劣绅 (tǔháo lièshēn)
惡劣／恶劣 (èliè)
方頭不劣／方头不劣
日趨惡劣／日趋恶劣
蕪劣／芜劣
闇劣／暗劣
頑劣／顽劣 (wánliè)

Japanese

Kanji

劣

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

bad, poor, inferior

Readings

Go-on: れち (rechi)
Kan-on: れつ (retsu, Jōyō)
Kun: おとる (otoru, 劣る, Jōyō)

Compounds

劣(れつ)悪(あく) (retsuaku)
劣(れつ)位(い) (retsui)
劣(れつ)後(ご) (retsugo)
劣(れっ)等(とう) (rettō)
愚(ぐ)劣(れつ) (guretsu)
下(げ)劣(れつ) (geretsu)
拙(せつ)劣(れつ) (setsuretsu)
卑(ひ)劣(れつ) (hiretsu)
優(ゆう)劣(れつ) (yūretsu)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 劣 (MC liuᴇt̚).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᄅᆑᇙ〮 (Yale: lyuyelq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 렬 (lyel) (Yale: lyel) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 녈 (nyel) (Yale: nyel) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾjʌ̹ɭ] ~ [jʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [렬/열]

Hanja

Wikisource 劣 (eumhun 못할 렬 (mothal ryeol), South Korea 못할 열 (mothal yeol))

Hanja form^? of 렬/열 (“bad; poor”).
Hanja form^? of 렬/열 (“inferior”).
- 1929, Sin Chaeho, 신채호(申采浩), 조선사연구초(朝鮮史硏究草) (Joseonsayeon-gucho) [Exploratory Studies in Korean History]:
  이 는 彼等피등 諸史제사의 價値가치가 모두 《三國史記》삼국사기보다 劣열한 明證명증이 아닌 가?
  Ineun pideung jesaui gachiga modu Samguksagiboda yeolhan myeongjeung-i anin-ga?
  Wouldn't it be clear evidence that the value of all those historical records is inferior to the Samguk sagi?

Compounds

비열 (卑劣, biyeol)
열등 (劣等, yeoldeung)
열성 (劣性, yeolseong)
열세 (劣勢, yeolse)
열악 (劣惡, yeorak)
용렬 (庸劣, yongnyeol)
우열 (優劣, uyeol)
졸렬 (拙劣, jollyeol)
저열 (低劣, jeoyeol)
열위 (劣位, yeorwi)
승렬 (勝劣, seungnyeol)
악렬 (惡劣, angnyeol)
열종 (劣種, yeoljong)
열후 (劣後, yeolhu)
열등감 (劣等感, yeoldeunggam)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

劣: Hán Nôm readings: liệt, lẹt

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References

Nom Foundation

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