太后

Chinese

		too (much); very; extremely too (much); very; extremely; highest; greatest	empress; queen; surname
simp. and trad. (太后)		太	后

Etymology

Attested earliest in Stratagems of the Warring States:

周君之秦。謂周最曰：「不如譽秦王之孝也，因以應為太后養地。秦王、太后必喜，是公有秦也。交善，周君必以為公功；交惡，勸周君入秦者，必有罪矣。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

周君之秦。谓周最曰：“不如誉秦王之孝也，因以应为太后养地。秦王、太后必喜，是公有秦也。交善，周君必以为公功；交恶，劝周君入秦者，必有罪矣。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE

Zhōujūn zhī qín. Wèi Zhōu Zuì yuē: “Bùrú yù Qínwáng zhī xiào yě, yīn yǐ yìng wèi tàihòu yǎngdì. Qínwáng, tàihòu bì xǐ, shì gōng yǒu Qín yě. Jiāo shàn, Zhōujūn bì yǐwèi gōng gōng; jiāo è, quàn Zhōujūn rù Qín zhě, bì yǒuzuì yǐ.” [Pinyin]

The Lord of Zhou was going to Qin, and someone spoke to Zhou Zui, saying: "You could do no better than to praise the filial piety of the King of Qin, and take the opportunity to provide land to support the Queen Dowager. The King of Qin and the Queen Dowager will certainly be pleased, and this being so you will gain Qin's support. If relations improve, the Lord of Zhou will attribute the success to you. If they decline, whoever prompted him to go to Qin will certainly be blamed."

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tàihòu

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄞˋ ㄏㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): taai³ hau⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thai-heu
Min Dong (BUC): tái-hâiu
Min Nan (POJ): thài-hiǒ / thài-hō͘ / thài-hiō

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tàihòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄞˋ ㄏㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tàihòu
  - Wade–Giles: tʻai⁴-hou⁴
  - Yale: tài-hòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tayhow
  - Palladius: тайхоу (tajxou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xoʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: taai³ hau⁶
  - Yale: taai hauh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: taai³ hau⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: tai³ heo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaːi̯³³ hɐu̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thai-heu
  - Hakka Romanization System: tai heu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tai⁴ heu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰai̯⁵⁵ heu̯⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tái-hâiu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰai²¹³⁻⁵³ ^(h-)ɑu²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thài-hiǒ
  - Tâi-lô: thài-hiǒ
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hio²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thài-hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: thài-hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tae'ho
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hɔ³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hɔ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ hɔ²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thài-hiō
  - Tâi-lô: thài-hiō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tae'hioi
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ hio³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɤ³³/

Middle Chinese: /tʰɑi^H ɦəu^X|ɦəu^H/

Rime
Character	太	后	后
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)	侯 (137)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	他蓋切	胡口切	胡遘切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑi^H/	/ɦəu^X/	/ɦəu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑi^H/	/ɦəu^X/	/ɦəu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑi^H/	/ɣəu^X/	/ɣəu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰaj^H/	/ɦəw^X/	/ɦəw^H/
Li Rong	/tʰɑi^H/	/ɣu^X/	/ɣu^H/
Wang Li	/tʰɑi^H/	/ɣəu^X/	/ɣəu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰɑi^H/	/ɣə̯u^X/	/ɣə̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tài	hòu	hòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	taai³	hau⁶	hau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤa[t]-s ɢˤ(r)oʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːds ɡoːʔ|ɡoːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	太	后
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tài	hòu
Middle Chinese	‹ thaj^H ›	‹ huw^X ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁa[t]-s/	/*ɢˁ(r)oʔ/
English	great	sovereign; queen
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	太	后	后
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
No.	1937	5168	5172
Phonetic component	大	后	后
Rime group	祭	侯	侯
Rime subdivision	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	泰	厚	𠋫
Old Chinese	/*tʰaːds/	/*ɡoːʔ/	/*ɡoːs/

Noun

太后

empress dowager
- 永樂太后暴崩，眾論惑焉 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  永乐太后暴崩，众论惑焉 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE
  Yǒnglè tàihòu bàobēng, zhònglùn huò yān [Pinyin]
  After the empress dowager of Yongle palace suddenly died, people talked about it with suspicion

Synonyms

皇太后 (huángtàihòu)

Derived terms

太皇太后 (tài huáng tàihòu)
慈安太后
慈禧太后 (Cíxǐ Tàihòu)
王太后 (wángtàihòu)

皇太后 (huángtàihòu)
西太后
呂太后的筵席／吕太后的筵席
竇太后／窦太后

Descendants

Thai: ไทเฮา (tai-hao)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
太	后
たい Grade: 2	こう Grade: 6
on’yomi

Noun

太(たい)后(こう) • (taikō)

empress dowager

Synonyms

皇太后 (kōtaigō)

Korean

Hanja in this term
太	后

Noun

太后 • (taehu) (hangeul 태후)

Hanja form^? of 태후 (“empress dowager”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
太	后

Noun

太后

chữ Hán form of thái hậu (“empress dowager”).

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