君
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Translingual
Han character
君 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 尸大口 (SKR), four-corner 17607, composition ⿸尹口)
Derived characters
References
- KangXi: page 177, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3323
- Dae Jaweon: page 394, character 15
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 595, character 6
- Unihan data for U+541B
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
君 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𠺞 𠁈 𠱩 𠱭 𠱰 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 君 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (君) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *klun) and ideogrammic compound (會意) : phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “(hand holding a rod) to administer”) + semantic 口 (“mouth”). In the oracle bones and early Zhou bronze inscriptions, 君 (jūn) was often interchanged with 尹. Shuowen suggests that 口 represents commands, but it may simply be decorative.
Etymology
Unknown. Here are several possibilities:
- Related to Old Mon kmin, kmun (“to exercise royal power; to be king; to reign”) (Schuessler, 2007);
- Related to 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “director; governor”) and 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) and cognate with Tibetan མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”) (Mei Tsu-lin, 1985);
- The *k- prefixed derivative of 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “to straighten; to administer”) (Baxter and Sagart, 1998); however, this is phonologically problematic (Schuessler, 2007).
The ACG sense is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 君 (-kun), which is in turn from Chinese.
Pronunciation
Definitions
君
- sovereign; monarch; ruler; chief; prince; lord
- (historical) A honorific title: lord
- (literary, honorific) you; your (referring to a male)
- A polite form of address used among couples.
- to dominate; to reign
- (ACG, Internet slang) -kun
- (ACG, Internet slang) Affectionate name suffix.
- 字幕君 ― zìmùjūn ― fansubber
- a surname
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 你 (“you (singular)”) [map]
Compounds
Derived terms from 君
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Descendants
Japanese
Kanji
君
Readings
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 君 |
| きみ Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 公 (uncommon) |
⟨ki1mi1⟩ → */kʲimʲi/ → /kimi/
From Old Japanese. Possibly a borrowing from the Sillan word for king, written with the character 今 (kum).[1] The same morpheme survives in the second syllable of the Modern Korean word 임금 (imgeum).
Noun
君 • (kimi)
- a ruler of a country
- Antonym: 臣 (omi)
- a master
- Synonyms: 主君 (shukun), 主人 (shujin)
- a nobleman or other person of high(er) rank
- (after a が (ga) or の (no) particle) term of respect to another person
- (historical, archaic) a prostitute
- (historical) one of the hereditary titles bestowed to local chiefs in ancient Japan
Derived terms
- 大君 (ōkimi)
Pronoun
君 • (kimi)
- (informal, chiefly men's speech) second-person personal pronoun: you
- 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 669; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 50)
- 君がため惜しからざりし命さへ長くもがなと思ひけるかな
- kimi ga tama oshikarazarishi inochi sae nagaku mogana to omoikeru kana
- I thought I would give up my life to hold you in my arms, but after a night together, I find myself wishing that I could live for ever.[4]
- 君がため惜しからざりし命さへ長くもがなと思ひけるかな
- 2000 September 18, Inokuma, Shinobu, “ＰＡＲＴ１ 雨のち… [Part 1: After the Rain…]”, in SALAD DAYS [Salad Days], volume 11 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 110:
- 俺は別にいいけど…キミ、学校で「知らない人について行っちゃダメ」とか、教わんなかった？
- Ore wa betsu ni ii kedo… Kimi, gakkō de “shiranai hito ni tsuite itcha dame” to ka, osowan nakatta?
- Fine by me… But haven’t you been taught at school that “you shouldn’t go anywhere with strangers”?
- 俺は別にいいけど…キミ、学校で「知らない人について行っちゃダメ」とか、教わんなかった？
- 2005 November 9, Watsuki, Nobuhiro, “武装錬金ファイナル [Armed Alchemy: The Final Act]”, in 武装錬金 [Armed Alchemy], volume 9, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN:
- 来るぞ カズキ！手を放すな！キミと私は一心同体 キミが死ぬ時が私が死ぬ時だ！
- Kuru zo Kazuki! Te o hanasu na! Kimi to watashi wa isshin dōtai Kimi ga shinu toki ga watashi ga shinu toki da!
- Incoming, Kazuki! Don’t let go! You and me, together as one. When you die, I die!
- 来るぞ カズキ！手を放すな！キミと私は一心同体 キミが死ぬ時が私が死ぬ時だ！
- 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 669; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 50)
Usage notes
- When used in lyrics and poetry, this word is considered less colloquial and more poetic than in spoken language.
Etymology 2
The kimi changes to gimi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Usage notes
- There is no direct translation in English – as with other Japanese honorifics, it might roughly correspond to dear, as in “your dear father”.
- Respectful suffixes also serve to indicate whose relative is in question: rather than “my father” and “your father”, one would say 父 (chichi, “father”) and 父君 (chichi-gimi, “dear father”).
- Used of nobles. Attaches to close family relationship nouns such as 母 (haha, “mother”), 姉 (ane, “sister”), 姫 (hime, “daughter of a noble family, princess”).
Suffix
君 • (-kun)
- suffix for boys' names
- indicates respect
- 1999 January 7, Hirokane, Kenshi, “議その166 「決戦投票」 [Debate 166: ‘Final Vote’]”, in 加治隆介の議 [Kaji Ryūsuke’s Debates], volume 20 (fiction), Tōkyō: Kōdansha, →ISBN, page 43:
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- indicates familiarity
Usage notes
-kun is often used as a suffix when calling someone. The listener is lower or the same level in social position and is often, but not always, male.
Pronoun
- second person personal pronoun: you
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Fukiage, ge)[6]
- きんぢ、この手を傳へ施す物ならば、この世になからん世なりとも、訪ひ守らん。
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Kurabiraki, jō)[7]
- 「[...] ある時は「きんぢがつたなく吾を人気なくハ生み出したる」とさへぞの給フや」
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Kuniyuzuri, jō)[8]
- 喜びて、見給ヒて、聲を放ちて「我が親の今々とし給ひしまで「我はきんぢを思ふにぞ黄泉もえ往くまじき。[...]」」
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 970-999, Utsubo Monogatari (Fukiage, ge)[6]
References
- Ki-Moon, Lee; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, page 59
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- Peter MacMillan, translator (2018) One Hundred Poets, One Poem Each: A Treasury of Classical Japanese Verse, Penguin UK, →ISBN
- “きんじ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.
- Kōno, Tama (1961) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 11: Utsubo Monogatari 2 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Kōno, Tama (1962) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 12: Utsubo Monogatari 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 君 (MC kɨun).
| Historical readings |
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Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kun]
- Phonetic hangul: [군]
Compounds
Vietnamese
References
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