See also: , , , and
U+53E3, 口
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53E3

[U+53E2]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+53E4]
U+2F1D, ⼝
KANGXI RADICAL MOUTH

[U+2F1C]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F1E]

Translingual

Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 30, 口+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input (R), four-corner 60000, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #30, .
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №22

Usage notes

This character () is used within characters. If a square is used as an enclosure around another character, then the character (U+56D7) is used instead.

Derived characters

Further reading

  • KangXi: page 171, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3227
  • Dae Jaweon: page 379, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 566, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+53E3

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𠙵
𠮚

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – resembles an open mouth.

In the oracle bone script, radical is used for characters having abstract meanings. Such a character can have a figurative meaning derived from the phonetic part, e.g. (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”) = (OC *ɢʷɯs, “right hand”) + and 𪪺 (“strong; powerful”) = (OC *kʷɯŋ, “bow”) + , or be an unrelated borrowing, e.g. (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “no”) = (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “calyx”) + .

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ku(w) (mouth). Cognate with Garo ku·sik (mouth), Tangut 𗋈 (*ŋwu², mouth).

Pronunciation


Note:
  • Sixian:
    • khiéu - literary;
    • héu - vernacular.
  • Meixian:
    • kêu3 - literary;
    • hêu3 - vernacular.
Note:
  • kāu - vernacular;
  • kēu - literary.
Note:
  • kháu - vernacular;
  • káu - vernacular (limited, e.g. 啞口);
  • khó͘/khió - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /kʰou²¹⁴/
Harbin /kʰou²¹³/
Tianjin /kʰou¹³/
Jinan /kʰou⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kʰou⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kʰou⁵³/
Xi'an /kʰou⁵³/
Xining /kʰɯ⁵³/
Yinchuan /kʰəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /kʰou⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /kʰɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /kʰəu⁴²/
Chengdu /kʰəu⁵³/
Guiyang /kʰəu⁴²/
Kunming /kʰəu⁵³/
Nanjing /kʰəɯ²¹²/
Hefei /kʰɯ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰəu⁵³/
Pingyao /kʰəu¹³/
Hohhot /kʰəu⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /kʰɤ³⁵/
Suzhou /kʰɤ⁵¹/
Hangzhou /kʰø⁵³/
Wenzhou /kʰau³⁵/
Hui Shexian /kʰiu³⁵/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰiu³¹/
Xiang Changsha /kʰəu⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kʰəɯ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kʰiɛu²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kʰeu³¹/
Taoyuan /kʰeu³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐu³⁵/
Nanning /hɐu³⁵/
Hong Kong /hɐu³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kʰɔ⁵³/
/kʰau⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kʰau³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kʰe²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kʰau⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /xɔu²¹³/
/xau²¹³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (29)
Final () (137)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰəuX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰəuX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰəwX/
Li
Rong
/kʰuX/
Wang
Li
/kʰəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kǒu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hau2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
kǒu
Middle
Chinese
‹ khuwX ›
Old
Chinese
/*kʰˁ(r)oʔ/
English mouth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 7490
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːʔ/

Definitions

  1. (anatomy) mouth, especially the lips and internal mouth cavity (Classifier: c)
    See also: , 口腔
       Shù shù nǐ de kǒu.   Rinse your mouth out.
    出自聽來令人奇怪 [MSC, trad.]
    出自听来令人奇怪 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè huà chūzì nǐ de kǒu, tīnglái lìngrén qíguài. [Pinyin]
    This sounds strange in your mouth.
  2. entrance; opening; mouth (of an object)
       kǒu   entrance
       chūkǒu   exit
       ménkǒu   doorway
  3. gateway
    張家张家   Zhāngjiākǒu   Zhangjiakou
       Kǒuběi   the area beyond the Great Wall
       kǒu   St. George's mushroom (Calocybe gambosa)
  4. hole; cut
       kǒuzi   hole
       shāngkǒu   wound
  5. port
    電腦电脑   shāngkǒu   computer port
    C   sēikǒu   USB-C port
  6. perimeter
       rénkǒu   population
       kǒu   hukou
  7. government organ; department
  8. Classifier for family members, populations and guns.
       sān kǒu zhī jiā   a family of three
  9. Classifier for bites or mouthfuls.
    可以可以   Wǒ kěyǐ chī yī kǒu ma?   Can I have a bite?
  10. (neologism, slang) to fellate
  11. a surname

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: () (ku); (こう) ()
  • Korean: 구(口) (gu)
  • Vietnamese: khẩu ()

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“name; given name; etc.”).
(This character, , is an ancient form of .)

References

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
くつ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/kutu//kut͡su/

From Old Japanese. Appears in compound terms listed in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 938 CE.

The ancient combining form of modern reading kuchi.[1] Likely the original form.

No longer productive in modern Japanese. Only found in older compounds.

There are interesting potential phonetic and semantic overlaps with Middle Chinese (MC kʰuət̚, “hole; cave”), (MC kʰəuX, “mouth; opening; hole”); Korean (gut), 굿 (gut, hole; hollow; cavity); possibly even Ainu クㇳ (kut), クッチ (kutchi, throat). One possibility is that these represent prehistoric nativized borrowings from Chinese. However, there is yet no clear evidence of relatedness.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝt͡sɨᵝ]
  • The pitch accent is derived from the entire compound word.

Noun

(くつ) (kutsu) 

  1. mouth
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
くち
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

*/kutu i//kuti//kut͡ɕi/

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kutuy. Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE,[2] and the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[3]

Shift from kutu above, probably by fusion with ancient nominal particle (i). Compare the phonetic development of (kami, spirit, god) from kamu + i, (ki, tree) from ko + i, (me, eye) from ma + i.

There are interesting potential phonetic and semantic overlaps with Middle Chinese (MC kʰuət̚, “hole; cave”), (MC kʰəuX, “mouth; opening; hole”); Korean (gut), 굿 (gut, hole; hollow; cavity); possibly even Ainu クㇳ (kut), クッチ (kutchi, throat). One possibility is that these represent prehistoric nativized borrowings from Chinese. However, there is yet no clear evidence of relatedness.

Pronunciation

Noun

(くち) (kuchi) 

  1. mouth
    • 1999 July 22, “グレード・ビル [Great Bill]”, in Vol.4, Konami:
      どんなものでも(まる)()できる(おお)きな(くち)()ている。
      Donna mono de mo marunomi dekiru ōkina kuchi o motteiru.
      Its massive mouth can swallow whole anything whole.
  2. opening
  3. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    ()(くち)
    kakikuchi
    (please add an English translation of this example)
  4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    ()(くち)
    ikeru kuchi
    able to down a drink
    ()(くち)
    nomeru kuchi
    (please add an English translation of this example)
  5. taste (in food), preference
    ()(ほん)(じん)(くち)()わせ(りょう)()
    Nihonjin no kuchi ni awaseta ryōri
    food adapted to Japanese tastes
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC kʰəuX). The 呉音 (goon), so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

() (ku) 

  1. (Buddhism) the mouth
  2. (Buddhism) (by extension) one's speech, one's words
  3. the mouthpiece of a flute

Counter

() (-ku) 

  1. used to count people
  2. used to count per-person portions
  3. used to count open-mouthed containers
  4. used to count bladed weapons or tools

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese (MC kʰəuX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ko̞ː]

Counter

(こう) (-kō) 

  1. used to count people
  2. used to count bladed weapons or tools

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  3. c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3532), text here
  4. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  6. 2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC kʰəuX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

  • (in 口文, 口錢, and 口硬):
  • (mouth; entrance; hole; etc.):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ku(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun (ip gu))

  1. Hanja form? of (mouth).
  2. Hanja form? of (entrance; opening).
  3. Hanja form? of (hole).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

Readings

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kʰut͡ɕiː/

Noun

(hiragana くちー, rōmaji khuchī)

  1. mouth
  2. language
  3. dialect
  4. speech

Miyako

Kanji

Readings

  • Kun: ふつ (futs, ); ふィちィ (fïchï, )

Pronunciation

  • (Tarama): IPA(key): [ɸɨtˢɨ], [ɸs̩.tˢɨ]
  • (Ōgami): IPA(key): [ɸkɨ], [ɸks̩ ~ ɸkɯ]

Noun

(hiragana ふつ, rōmaji futsu, alternative reading ふィちィ, rōmaji fïchï)

  1. mouth
  2. language
  3. dialect
  4. speech

References

Okinawan

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kut͡ɕi/

Noun

(hiragana くち, rōmaji kuchi)

  1. mouth
  2. language
  3. dialect
  4. speech

Compounds

References

  • ぐち【口】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: khẩu[1][2]
: Nôm readings: khẩu[1][2]

  1. chữ Hán form of khẩu (mouth; opening).

References

  1. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. Trần (2004).

Yaeyama

Kanji

Readings

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /fu̻t͡sɨ/

Noun

(hiragana ふつぃ, rōmaji futsï)

  1. mouth
  2. language
  3. dialect
  4. speech

Yonaguni

Kanji

Readings

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tˀi/

Noun

(hiragana ってぃ, rōmaji tti)

  1. mouth
  2. language
  3. dialect
  4. speech
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.