劍

See also: 剑
劍 U+528D, 劍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-528D
← 劌
[U+528C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 劎 →
[U+528E]

Translingual
Traditional 劍
Shinjitai 剣
Simplified 剑

Han character

劍 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人人中弓 (OOLN), four-corner 82800, composition ⿰僉刂)

Derived characters
  • 𠐘, 𡃍, 𤑯, 𤢾, 𧁴, 𣋽

Descendants

References
  • KangXi: page 144, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2228
  • Dae Jaweon: page 326, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 358, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+528D

Chinese
trad. 劍
simp. 剑
alternative forms
 
劎
劒
劔
𠠆
鐱／𲈀
劎
劒
劔
𠠆
鐱／𲈀
釼
剣
𠝏
剱
劍: A Jian with 鞘 (qiào, “scabbard”).

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 劍
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (僉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
厱 *raːm, *kʰreːm, *kʰlam
歛 *qʰlaːm
臉 *ɡ·reːmʔ, *skʰlam, *kramʔ
醶 *ɡr·reːmʔ, *skʰraːmʔ
鹼 *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam
薟 *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram
匳 *ɡ·ram
獫 *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams, *qʰramʔ
蘞 *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam
籢 *ɡ·ram
斂 *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams
瀲 *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams
撿 *ɡ·ramʔ, *kramʔ
羷 *ɡ·ramʔ
殮 *ɡ·rams
簽 *skʰlam
僉 *skʰlam
憸 *skʰlam, *skʰlamʔ, *sqʰlam, *qʰramʔ
譣 *skʰlam, *qʰramʔ
檢 *kramʔ
瞼 *kramʔ
儉 *ɡramʔ
顩 *ŋramʔ, *rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ
嬐 *ŋramʔ
嶮 *ŋramʔ, *hŋramʔ
噞 *ŋramʔ, *ŋrams
驗 *ŋrams
險 *qʰramʔ
劒 *kams
劍 *kams
𩏩 *qʰam

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kams) : phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam) + semantic 刂.

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) proposes a possible native origin, from *k-nominalized adjective 剡 (OC *ɦljamʔ, *lamʔ), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjam (“sharp”) and lost its *r- initial due to folk etymology; doublets 磏 (OC *r(i)am, “whetstone”) and 鐮 (OC *ɡ·rem, “sickle”) retain *r-.

Alternatively, the double-edged sword seemingly originated from the southern state of Wu (吳); so a native Wu term, of unknown linguistic affiliation, might have yielded both Old Chinese 劍 (OC *kams) and Proto-Vietic *t-kɨəm.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • giam3 - Shantou;
  • giêm3 - Chaozhou.
Rime
Character 劍
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 嚴 (145)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居欠切
Baxter kjaemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kɨɐmH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kiɐmH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kiɐmH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɨamH/
Li
Rong		 /kiɐmH/
Wang
Li		 /kĭɐmH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ki̯ɐmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gim3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 劍
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiàn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kjæmH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s.kr[a]m-s/
English sword

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 劍
Reading # 1/1
No. 10227
Phonetic
component		 僉
Rime
group		 談
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 劔
Old
Chinese		 /*kams/
Notes 原列梵韻作劒，
此本說文籀文，
集韻驗韻或體

Definitions

劍

  1. sword (bladed on both sides); sabre
  2. Classifier for swings of a sword.
  3. a surname

Compounds
Derived terms from 劍

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (劍):
  • → Japanese: 剣(けん) (ken)
  • → Korean: 검(劍) (geom)
  • → Vietnamese: kiếm (劍)

See also

Japanese

Shinjitai

 剣

Kyūjitai

 劍

Kanji
劍

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 剣)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 剣: double-edged sword; swordsmanship

Readings

Korean

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 劍 (MC kɨɐmH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448검〮 (Yale: kém)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527환도 (Yale: hwantwo)검〯 (Yale: kěm)

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɘ(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [검(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 劍 (eumhun 칼 검 (kal geom))

  1. Hanja form? of 검 (“sword; knife”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

劍: Hán Nôm readings: kiếm, ghém, gươm, kém, chém, sớm

  1. sword

Compounds

Usage notes
  • Chữ Nôm. The modern Vietnamese word for sword is kiếm.

References
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