不知

不知

1. to not know; to have no idea of; to be ignorant of

   不知其中奧妙／不知其中奥妙  ―  bùzhī qízhōng àomiào  ―  to be ignorant of the marvels therein

   犯錯後還不知悔改 [MSC, trad.]
   犯错后还不知悔改 [MSC, simp.]

   fàncuò hòu hái bùzhī huǐgǎi [Pinyin]

   to not mend one's ways after making a mistake

   唉，我不知何時再能與他相見。 [MSC, trad.]
   唉，我不知何时再能与他相见。 [MSC, simp.]

   Ài, wǒ bùzhī héshí zài néng yǔ tā xiàngjiàn. [Pinyin]

   Alas, I do not know when I will see him again.

2. to wonder if (as used in a question or request)

   不知您是否有時間。 [MSC, trad.]
   不知您是否有时间。 [MSC, simp.]

   Bùzhī nín shìfǒu yǒu shíjiān. [Pinyin]

   I wonder if you might have time.

• (to not know):

• (to not know):

不(ふ) (fu, “not”) + 知(ち) (chi, “know”)

不(ふ)知(ち) • (fuchi) 

1. ignorance (not knowing)
2. ignorance (lacking intelligence)

• 無知(むち) (muchi)

• 不知(しらぬ)火(い) (shiranui)

• 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

• 安徐 (entirely phonogramic form, Idu script variant)
• 不喩 (Idu script variant, believed to be a different term by Vovin; also see Usage Notes)
• 非知, 未知 (different logogram, gugyeol variant depending on Chinese original text)

Potentially a compound of *an (ancestral negating root) + *to (semantically light noun meaning "objective fact", whence Middle Korean ᄃᆞ (to)) + *-i (some kind of suffix).

不知 (*ANti)

1. Particle negating an adjacent noun or noun phrase.
   • 720, “獻花歌 (Heonhwa-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:

     吾肹不喩慚肹伊賜等

     It not being that you are bashful of me

   • c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:

     我非^知厼堅固^爲隱非^知厼

     It is not me and it is not solidity

     (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms.)

• This particle was restricted to negating nouns, including nominalized verbs. Verbs were negated with the adverb 不冬 (*ANtol) instead. In every uncontroversial example in the currently known corpus, adjectives were nominalized and then negated with 不知 (*ANti). Whether this represents a genuine grammatical phenomenon in Old Korean or simply coincidence due to the very limited corpus is not clear.
• Its Middle Korean reflex 아니〮 (àní) served as both a noun and an adverb, having displaced 不冬, and the Modern reflex behaves solely as an adverb. The contemporary form 아니다 (anida, “to not be”), showing an incorporation of the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) which combines only with nouns, remains as a vestige of the Old Korean function.
• Vovin argues that the Idu script variant 不喩 should be seen as a related but different form, which he reconstructs as approximately *AN-koy. Both would be derived from the hypothetical negative root *an-. The conventional view in Korean scholarship is to read 不喩 as a graphic variant of 不知 because fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Idu manuals in Hangul, which conserve significant elements of the Old Korean reading of phonograms, gloss the former sequence as 아닌디 (aninti). Furthermore, there appears to be no semantic difference between 不知 and 不喩. On the other hand, it is difficult to explain how 喩 could ever have been taken as a phonogram for *ti.

• Middle Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)
  • Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)
• Southeastern Korean:
• ⇒ Middle Korean: 아니다 (anita, “to not be”)
  • ⇒ Korean: 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)
• → Proto-Northern Tungusic: *anti
  • Even: āt
  • Udihe: anči

• 不冬 (*ANtol) (verbal negator)
• 毛冬 (*mwotol) (marker of inability)
• 不只 (*ANTOk) (marker of inability)

• 이용 (Yi Yong) (2003), “釋讀口訣에 나타난 不定詞의 機能에 대하여 [On the functions of the negative particles in interpretive gugyeol]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 11, pages 249–273
• 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2010), “獻花歌의 解讀 [Readings of the "Heonhwa-ga"]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 24, pages 5–35
• 박지용 外 (Park Ji-yong et al.) (2012) 향가 해독 자료집 [A Sourcebook of Hyangga Interpretations], Seoul National University, page 18
• Alexander Vovin (2018), “Two Tungusic Etymologies”, in Studia Orientalia Slovaca‎, volume 17, pages 125–134