正月

Chinese

		first; principal	moon; month
simp. and trad. (正月)		正	月

Etymology

The character 正 was originally pronounced with like 政 (zhèng) (according to Zhu Xi ) and earlier *teŋ-s in Old Chinese (according to Sagart, 2023 ); its special pronunciation zhēng originated from the naming taboo of Qin Shi Huang (real name 嬴政 (Yíng Zhèng), of which 正 (zhèng) is pronounced the same as 政 (zhèng)).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhēngyuè

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄥㄩㄝˋ

(Chengdu, SP): zen¹ yue²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җынйүә (žɨnyüə, I-II)
Cantonese (Jyutping): zing¹ jyut⁶
Gan (Wiktionary): zang¹ nyyot
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): châng-ngie̍t / châng-ngia̍t
Min Dong (BUC): ciăng-nguŏk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chiaⁿ--goe̍h / chiaⁿ-ge̍rh / chiaⁿ--ge̍h / chiaⁿ-ge̍h / chiaⁿ-goe̍h

(Teochew, Peng'im): zian¹ ghuêh⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): ¹tsen-hhyq; ¹tsen-hhioq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhēngyuè
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄥㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhengyuè
  - Wade–Giles: chêng¹-yüeh⁴
  - Yale: jēng-ywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jengyueh
  - Palladius: чжэнъюэ (čžɛnʺjue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zen¹ yue²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zenje
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sən⁵⁵ ye²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җынйүә (žɨnyüə, I-II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂəŋ²⁴ yə⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zing¹ jyut⁶
  - Yale: jīng yuht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzing¹ jyt⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: jing¹ yud⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: zang¹ nyyot
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡saŋ⁴² n̠ʲyɵt̚²/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châng-ngie̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: zang´ ngied
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zang¹ ngiad⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɲi̯et̚⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châng-ngia̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: zang´ ngiad
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zang¹ ngiad⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡saŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɲi̯at̚⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciăng-nguŏk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵ ŋuoʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiaⁿ--goe̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tsiann--gue̍h
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiaⁿ-ge̍rh
  - Tâi-lô: tsiann-ge̍rh
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕiã³³ ɡəʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Singapore): /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡəʔ⁴³/
- (Hokkien: Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiaⁿ--ge̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tsiann--ge̍h
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Philippines, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiaⁿ-ge̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tsiann-ge̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cvia'geh
  - IPA (Philippines): /t͡ɕiã³³ ɡeʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Singapore): /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡeʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiaⁿ-goe̍h
  - Tâi-lô: tsiann-gue̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cvia'goeh
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ¹²¹/
  - IPA (Singapore): /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴⁻²² ɡueʔ⁴³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zian¹ ghuêh⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiaⁿ gue̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sĩã³³⁻²³ ɡueʔ⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ¹tsen-hhyq; ¹tsen-hhioq
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡səɲ⁵⁵ ɦɥ̯ɪʔ²¹/, /t͡səɲ⁵⁵ ɦi̯ʊʔ²¹/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕiᴇŋ ŋʉɐt̚/

Rime
Character	正	月
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	清 (121)	元 (68)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	諸盈切	魚厥切
Baxter	tsyieng	ngjwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇŋ/	/ŋʉɐt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛŋ/	/ŋʷiɐt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiæŋ/	/ŋiuɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciajŋ/	/ŋuat̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɛŋ/	/ŋiuɐt̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭɛŋ/	/ŋĭwɐt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯ɛŋ/	/ŋi̯wɐt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhēng	yuè
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zing¹	jyut⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*teŋ-s [ŋ]ʷat/

(Zhengzhang): /*tjeŋs ŋod/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	正	月
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhèng	yuè
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyeng^H ›	‹ ngjwot ›
Old Chinese	/*teŋ-s/	/*[ŋ]ʷat/
English	correct (adj., v.)	moon, month
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	正	月
Reading #	2/2	1/1
No.	17178	16319
Phonetic component	正	月
Rime group	耕	月
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	政	月
Old Chinese	/*tjeŋs/	/*ŋod/

Noun

正月

the first month of the Chinese lunar calendar
- 正月季春元日乙丑：余畜孫書也擇其吉金以作鑄缶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  正月季春元日乙丑：余畜孙书也择其吉金以作铸缶。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: circa 6th century BCE, Inscription on 欒書缶 Luan Shu's fou, transcribed and translated by Caboara (2010:12).[1]
  Zhēngyuè jìchūn yuánrì yǐchǒu: yú xù sūn Shū yě zé qí jíjīn yǐ zuò zhù fǒu. [Pinyin]
  In the third month of spring, first month (of the year), first day of Yichou, I the pious grandson, Shu, selected those solid metals to cast a fou-barrel.
- 正月繁霜、我心憂傷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
  正月繁霜、我心忧伤。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zhēngyuè fán shuāng, wǒ xīn yōushāng. [Pinyin]
  In the first month the hoar-frost abounds, and my heart is wounded with sorrow.
- 正月蜂相見，非時鳥共聞。 [MSC, trad.]
  正月蜂相见，非时鸟共闻。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 8th century CE, 杜甫 (Du Fu)《南楚》"In the South, Chu"; translated by Owen (2017)
  Zhēngyuè fēng xiāng jiàn, fēishí niǎo gòng wén. [Pinyin]
  In the first month bees appear; unseasonable, different birds heard at the same time.
(Xiamen Hokkien) first three days of the first month of the Chinese lunar calendar
(dated) January

Synonyms

(first month): 陬月 (Zōuyuè), 寅月 (Yínyuè), 端月 (duānyuè), 元月 (Yuányuè), 初月, 嘉月, 開歲／开岁, 新正 (xīnzhēng), 隅月, 孟月 (mèngyuè), 始春, 元春
(first three days): (Min Nan) 正月正頭／正月正头, 正月正時／正月正时

Derived terms

大正月
正月初一 (zhēngyuè chūyī)
正月十五 (zhēngyuè shíwǔ)
正月酒

References

Caboara, Marco (2010) The particle ye 也 and related constructions in the Guodian manuscripts of IV century BCE (PhD)‎, University of Washington

Japanese

Kanji in this term
正	月
しょう Grade: 1	がつ Grade: 1
on’yomi

Alternative forms

お正月(しょうがつ) (o-shōgatsu)

Etymology

From 正 (principal) + 月(month)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) しょーがつ [shòógátsúꜜ] (Odaka – [4])[1]
(Tokyo) しょーがつ [shòógátsú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕo̞ːɡa̠t͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

正(しょう)月(がつ) • (shōgatsu)

Synonyms

(New Year):
- 元旦(がんたん) (gantan): New Year's Day
- 元日(がんじつ) (ganjitsu): New Year's Day

Coordinate terms

References

1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
正	月

Noun

正月 • (jeong'wol) (hangeul 정월)

Hanja form^? of 정월 (“the first month of the traditional Korean calendar”).

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[1] Caboara, Marco (2010) The particle ye 也 and related constructions in the Guodian manuscripts of IV century BCE (PhD)‎, University of Washington

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

正月

Chinese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Derived terms

See also

References

Japanese

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Synonyms

Coordinate terms

References

Korean

Noun