陷

See also: 陥

陷	U+9677, 陷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9677

← 陶
[U+9676]

CJK Unified Ideographs

陸 →
[U+9678]

Translingual

Han character

陷 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中弓竹X (NLNHX), four-corner 7727₇, composition ⿰阝臽)

Derived characters

𠽏, 𥊥, 𨄽

References

KangXi: page 1354, character 12

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41707

Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 3

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4140, character 1

Unihan data for U+9677

Chinese

simp. and trad.		陷
alternative forms		陥䧟𨺻臽埳 ^‡ 陥䧟𨺻臽埳 ^‡ 𨺂 ^‡

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陷
Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (臽) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
萏	*l'oːmʔ
窞	*l'oːmʔ
惂	*kʰloːmʔ
輡	*kʰloːmʔ
錎	kʰloːmʔ, ɡroːms
埳	*kʰloːmʔ
臽	kʰloːmʔ, ɡroːms
淊	ɡloːmʔ, qroːm, qroːms, lomʔ
欿	*ɡloːmʔ
蜭	ɡloːmʔ, ɡluːms
啗	l'aːmʔ, l'aːms
鵮	ʔr'oːm, kʰroːm, *kʰroːms
餡	*ɡroːms
陷	*ɡroːms
爓	ljom, loms
諂	*l̥ʰomʔ
讇	*l̥ʰomʔ
閻	*lom
焰	*loms
壛	*lom
櫩	*lom
燄	*lomʔ
掐	*kʰroːb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡroːms) : semantic 𨸏 + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms).

Originally written 臽.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, SP): han⁴ / xian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ham⁶, haam⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ham⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): han⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ham

(Meixian, Guangdong): ham⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): xie³ / han³
Min Bei (KCR): hāng
Min Dong (BUC): hâng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hām

(Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): ³hhi; ³hhe
Xiang (Wiktionary): han⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
  - Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
  - Yale: syàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
  - Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: han⁴ / xian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan²¹³/, /ɕiɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ham⁶, haam⁶
  - Yale: hahm, haahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ham⁶, haam⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hem⁶, ham⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm²²/, /haːm²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ham⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: han⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /han¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ham
  - Hakka Romanization System: ham
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xie³ / han³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/, /xæ̃⁴⁵/

Note:

xie3 - literary;
han3 - vernacular.

Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
  - Tâi-lô: hām
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ham
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ham⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ham³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ham⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hām
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³hhi; ³hhe
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦi²³/, /ɦe̞²³/

Note:

3hhi - literary;
3hhe - vernacular.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: han⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陷
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕian⁵³/ /ɕyan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiã⁵³/
	Xining	/ɕiã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕiɛn³⁵/ ～害 /xan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/xan¹³/ /ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹³/ /xan²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ɕien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie⁴⁵/ 下～ /xæ̃⁴⁵/ ～在泥裡
	Pingyao	/ɕiɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦa²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie²²/ /xɛ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/siɛ⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/xan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/han⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/han²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ham⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ham²²/
	Nanning	/ham²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐm²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/ham²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/hɑŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xaŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ham³¹/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ham³³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦˠɛm^H/

Rime
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	戸韽切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨm^H/
Li Rong	/ɣɐm^H/
Wang Li	/ɣɐm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛm^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁromʔ-s/
English	fall into a pit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
No.	13556
Phonetic component	臽
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	陷
Old Chinese	/*ɡroːms/
Notes	臽轉註字

Definitions

陷

(literary, or in compounds) to submerge; to sink; to plunge
(literary, or in compounds) to be captured
(literary, or in compounds, chiefly military) to breach; to break through; to make a breakthrough
(literary, or in compounds) trap (device designed to catch animals)
(literary, or in compounds) to frame; to entrap; to set up; to bring up someone on false charges
(literary, or in compounds) to sink
(literary, or in compounds) fault; defect; drawback

Synonyms

(to breach):

edit

攻破 (gōngpò)

突破 (tūpò)

(trap): 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
(to frame):

edit

坑 (kēng)
坑害 (kēnghài)

陷害 (xiànhài)

構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)

(fault):

edit

弊害 (bìhài)
弊病 (bìbìng)
欠缺 (qiànquē)

毛病 (máobìng)
缺欠 (quēqiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)

短處／短处 (duǎnchu)
缺點／缺点 (quēdiǎn)

Compounds

下陷
先天缺陷 (xiāntiān quēxiàn)
凹陷 (āoxiàn)
地陷 (dìxiàn)
坑陷
塌陷 (tāxiàn)
天塌地陷
失陷 (shīxiàn)
山崩地陷
崩陷 (bēngxiàn)
摧陷
摧陷廓清
攻陷 (gōngxiàn)
沉陷 (chénxiàn)
深陷 (shēnxiàn)
精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)

陷人坑
陷入 (xiànrù)
陷坑 (xiànkēng)
陷害 (xiànhài)
陷溺
陷眠 (hām-bîn) (Min Nan)
陷落 (xiànluò)
陷身 (xiànshēn)
陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
傾陷／倾陷
地層下陷／地层下陷
地盤下陷／地盘下陷
搆陷／构陷
摧堅陷陣／摧坚陷阵
摧鋒陷陣／摧锋陷阵
擠陷／挤陷

構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
淪陷／沦陷 (lúnxiàn)
淪陷區／沦陷区 (lúnxiànqū)
自墜陷阱／自坠陷阱
蟄陷／蛰陷
衝堅陷陣／冲坚陷阵
衝鋒陷陣／冲锋陷阵 (chōngfēngxiànzhèn)
衝陷／冲陷 (chōngxiàn)
誣陷／诬陷 (wūxiàn)
身陷縲絏／身陷缧绁
陷入絕境／陷入绝境
陷堅破陣／陷坚破阵
陷沒／陷没
陷滯／陷滞
陷車／陷车
陷陣／陷阵 (xiànzhèn)

Japanese

Shinjitai	陥
Kyūjitai	陷

Kanji

陷

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 陥)

fall into
cave in
fall (castle)
slide into

Readings

On (unclassified): かん (kan)
Kun: おちいる (ochiiru, 陷る); おとしいれる (otoshiireru, 陷れる)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陷 (MC ɦˠɛm^H). Recorded as Middle Korean 함〯 (hǎm) (Yale: ham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 陷 (eumhun 빠질 함 (ppajil ham))

Hanja form^? of 함 (“fall into”).

Compounds

결함 (缺陷, gyeolham)
모함 (謀陷, moham)
함락 (陷落, hamnak)
함몰 (陷沒, hammol)
함정 (陷穽, hamjeong)
함성 (陷城, hamseong)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

陷: Hán Nôm readings: hãm, hẳm, hỏm, hoắm, hóm

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