主義

"position, stance"

From Records of the Grand Historian:

敢犯顏色以達主義，不顧其身。為國家樹長畫。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

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敢犯颜色以达主义，不顾其身。为国家树长画。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Gǎn fàn yánsè yǐ dá zhǔyì, bùgù qí shēn. Wèi guójiā shù chánghuà. [Pinyin]

[One] dared to insult the dignified face [of the Sovereign], so one could make [the Sovereign] understand [one's] positions; one did not care for one's own life, but made long-term plans for the state.

"doctrine, ideology"

主義

1. (chiefly as a suffix) doctrine; ideology; -ism

   社會主義／社会主义  ―  shèhuì zhǔyì  ―  socialism

   • 砍頭不要緊，只要主義真。殺了夏明翰，還有後來人。 [MSC, trad.]
     砍头不要紧，只要主义真。杀了夏明翰，还有后来人。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1928, Xia Minghan's last poem

     Kǎntóu bù yàojǐn, zhǐyào zhǔyì zhēn. Shā le Xià Mínghàn, háiyǒu hòulái rén. [Pinyin]

     Beheading does not matter; so long as I stay true to my principle / ideology. Already killed Xia Minghan shall be; others will later come still.

   • 你不是很討厭我信仰的主義嗎？為什麼你又要愛我？ [MSC, trad.]
     你不是很讨厌我信仰的主义吗？为什么你又要爱我？ [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1930, Ding Ling, 《韋護》

     Nǐ bùshì hěn tǎoyàn wǒ xìnyǎng de zhǔyì ma? Wèishénme nǐ yòu yào ài wǒ? [Pinyin]

     Don't you hate the ideology I believe in? Why do you still love me?

2. (literary) position; stance

   • 其信從者，下自士大夫，上亦至將相而止，主義為逐滿。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     其信从者，下自士大夫，上亦至将相而止，主义为逐满。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1907 CE, Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can

     Qí xìncóng zhě, xià zì shìdàfū, shàng yì zhì jiāngxiàng ér zhǐ, zhǔyì wèi zhú Mǎn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this example)

Hans van Ess translates 主義／主义 (zhǔyì) in Shiji as "the right conduct of a ruler".[1]

• (doctrine):

• 理論／理论 (lǐlùn)
• 思想 (sīxiǎng)

主義

1. (Classical Chinese) to uphold righteousness

   • 主義行德曰元。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     主义行德曰元。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Lost Book of Zhou, circa 4^th – 1^st centuries BCE

     Zhǔyì xíngdé yuē yuán. [Pinyin]

     (When the deceased) upheld righteousness and behaved virtuously, call (the deceased) Yuan (prime "元").

From Literary Chinese 主義, attested in the Records of the Grand Historian[1]

• (Tokyo) しゅ​ぎ [shúꜜgì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
• IPA^(key): [ɕɨᵝɡʲi]

主(しゅ)義(ぎ) • (shugi) 

1. a principle or set of principles; a doctrine; an ism

   あの人(ひと)は主(しゅ)義(ぎ)に基(もと)づいて契(けい)約(やく)を拒(きょ)絶(ぜつ)するはずです。

   Ano hito wa shugi ni motozuite keiyaku o kyozetsu suru hazu desu.

   I expect they will reject the contract on principle.

主(しゅ)義(ぎ) • (-shugi) 

1. -ism

• 愛(あい)国(こく)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (aikoku shugi, “patriotism”)
• 共(きょう)産(さん)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (kyōsan shugi, “communism”)
• 社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (shakai shugi, “socialism”)
• 帝(てい)国(こく)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (teikoku shugi, “imperialism”)
• 伝(でん)統(とう)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (dentō shugi)
• 超(ちょう)現(げん)実(じつ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (chōgenjitsu shugi, “surrealism”)
• 民(みん)族(ぞく)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (minzoku shugi, “nationalism”)
• 国(こく)際(さい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (kokusaishugi, “internationalism”)

• → Chinese: 主義／主义 (zhǔyì)[1]
• → Korean: 주의 (juui)
• → Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa

• 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

主義 • (juui) (hangeul 주의)

1. Hanja form^? of 주의 (“-ism”).

主義

1. chữ Hán form of chủ nghĩa (“-ism; doctrine”).