參

參 (Kangxi radical 28, 厶+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 戈戈戈竹 (IIIH), four-corner 2320₂, composition ⿱厽㐱)

• 傪, 𠔭, 𠗿, 嘇, 墋, 㜗, 㠁, 幓, 𢕕, 慘, 摻, 滲, 㺑, 𬯘, 遪, 槮, 𣯶, 𤍜, 𤗲, 犙, 𤨵, 𬛓, 㽩, 𥊀, 磣, 穇, 襂, 糝, 縿, 𧑁, 𧗋, 謲, 贂, 䟃, 𮜒, 醦, 𰿕, 鏒, 𩈼, 𩌰, 𩞀, 驂, 𩫦, 𩴑, 鰺, 黲
• 剼, 𨝐, 𢿈, 𣪶, 毿, 㓄, 𠬙, 䫩, 𪅩, 嵾, 蔘, 瘮, 𦌀, 篸, 𩅙, 鬖

• 参 (Japanese shinjitai and simplified Chinese)

• KangXi: page 164, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3098
• Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 28
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 387, character 23
• Unihan data for U+53C3
• Unihan data for U+F96B

Historical forms of the character 參
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Simplified from 曑 (晶 (jīng) → 厽 (lēi)).

The bronze script form is an ideogrammic compound (會意) : 晶 (“stars”) + 光 (“light; brightness”) + 彡 (“light rays”) – Three Stars mansion. 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) also acts as a phonetic component. Ignoring the lines connecting the three stars, 光 may be interpreted as 卩 (“kneeling person”), representing someone looking at the shining stars above him.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of 簪 (OC *ʔsɯːm, *ʔsrɯm, “hairpin”), since the bronze script forms resemble a person wearing a hat with three stars.

Based on the seal script form, Shuowen interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum) : semantic 晶 (“stars”) + phonetic 㐱 ().

From 三 (OC *suːm, *suːms, “three”) + other element (Schuessler, 2007).

參

1. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
2. a surname

Jacques (2015b) suggests that this word is related to Japhug tɤzrɤm (“root”) and Yakkha साम (“root”).

參

1. ginseng or any other similar plant
2. Short for 海參／海参 (hǎishēn, “sea cucumber”).

• (ginseng):

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “derived from 三? related to 審?”)

參

1. ^† three objects in a group
2. ^† to pair up
3. ^† to equate
4. (Min Nan) to mix
5. ^† to be spread out; to be displayed
6. to join
7. to study; to discuss; to understand
8. ^† to inspect and verify
9. ^† to face
10. ^† to greet
11. to refer; to consult
12. to visit; to pay one's respect to
13. to impeach
14. ^† high
15. ^† a unit of weight
16. ^† Alternative form of 驂／骖 (cān).

參

1. (financial) Alternative form of 三 (sān, “three”).

   • 君子博學而日參省乎己 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君子博学而日参省乎己 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     jūnzǐ bó xué ér rì sān xǐng hū jǐ [Pinyin]

     The gentleman learns broadly and examines himself thrice daily

Related to 巉 (OC *zraːm, *zraːmʔ, “craggy”) (Schuessler, 2007).

參

1. Only used in 參差／参差 (cēncī) and 參錯／参错 (cēncuò).

參

1. (Siyi Cantonese) clever; capable; competent; powerful

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 参)

1. three

• Go-on: さん (san); しん (shin); そん (son)
• Kan-on: さん (san); しん (shin)
• Kun: まいる (mairu, 參る)

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC t͡sʰʌm, “add; influence; join”).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʰa̠m]
• Phonetic hangul: [참]

Wikisource 參 (eumhun 참여할 참 (chamyeohal cham))

1. Hanja form^? of 참 (“to join; to participate”). [affix]

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiɪm, “jagged; uneven”).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʰa̠m]
• Phonetic hangul: [참]

參 (eumhun 들쭉날쭉할 참 (deuljjungnaljjukhal cham))

1. (literary) Hanja form^? of 참 (“jagged; uneven”).

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC ʃˠiɪm, “Three Stars mansion”).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠m]
• Phonetic hangul: [삼]

參 (eumhun 별 이름 삼 (byeol ireum sam))

1. Hanja form^? of 삼 (“(Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”).

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sɑm, “three”).

參 (eumhun 석 삼 (seok sam))

1. (financial) Alternative form of 三 (“Hanja form^? of 삼 (“three”).”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

參: Hán Nôm readings: tham

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.