水
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Translingual
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Han character
水 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 水 (E), four-corner 12230, composition ⿰𰛄⿺㇏丿(GJKV) or ⿰㇇𰛅(GJKV) or ⿰𰛄⿱丿㇏(HT))
- Kangxi radical #85, ⽔.
Derived characters
References
- KangXi: page 603, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17083
- Dae Jaweon: page 992, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1545, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6C34
Central Bai
Noun
水 (xuix)
- hanzi form of xuix
- 1450, Yang Fu (楊黼), 《詞記山花——咏蒼洱境》:
- 煴煊茶水㱔呼𪢂
- Boiling tea water, greeting each other.
-
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
水 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𡿭 𣸕 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 水 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | ||
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lwi(j) (“flow; stream”) (Benedict, 1974; Coblin, 1986; Handel, 1998; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with Mizo lui (“stream; brook; river”), Tedim Chin [script needed] (luːi³, “stream; river”), Jingpho lawi (“to flow (as water)”).
Old Chinese 水 (OC lhuiʔ), as reconstructed by Schuessler, is Sino-Tibetan root's endoactive derivation with suffix *-ʔ, meaning "that which is flowing"; its voiceless initial suggests the presence of a nominalizing prefix *k- or *s-. Another derivative from the Sino-Tibetan root is possibly 泫 (OC winʔ, “to flow”) (minimally reconstructed).
Compare also areal etymon Proto-Mon-Khmer *lujʔ ~ luuj() ~ luəj() ~ ləəj() (“to wade; to swim”).
Alternatively, Gong (1995) reconstructs Old Chinese *hljədx and compares it to Tibetan ཆུ (chu, “water”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsju (“water; liquid; bodily fluid”). Baxter and Sagart (2014), employing evidence from Proto-Min, reconstructs Old Chinese *s.turʔ and compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *twəj (“to flow; to suppurate”), which is likely related to *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; to soak; to be wet”) (STEDT). Like Gong (1995), Sagart (2017) compares it to Tibetan ཆུ (chu), but he also compares it to Bodo (India) दै (dwi), Mizo tui, Proto-Karen *thejᴬ, all of which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s. Handel deems derivations from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsju or *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s unlikely because of phonological issues (STEDT).
Pronunciation
Definitions
水
- water (Classifier: 瓶 m; 樽 c; 滴 m c; 池 m c; 盆 m c; 杯 m c)
- 喝水 ― hēshuǐ ― to drink water
- 冰水 ― bīngshuǐ ― iced water
- 冷水 ― lěngshuǐ ― cold water
- 凍水／冻水 [Cantonese] ― dung3 seoi2 [Jyutping] ― cold water
- 熱水／热水 ― rèshuǐ ― hot water
- 開水／开水 ― kāishuǐ ― boiled water
- 滾水／滚水 [Cantonese] ― gwan2 seoi2 [Jyutping] ― boiled water
- 水族館／水族馆 ― shuǐzúguǎn ― aquarium
- 水彩 ― shuǐcǎi ― watercolour
- 水溫／水温 ― shuǐwēn ― water temperature
- 雨水 ― yǔshuǐ ― rainwater
- 海水 ― hǎishuǐ ― seawater
- 飲用水／饮用水 ― yǐnyòngshuǐ ― drinking water
- 礦泉水／矿泉水 ― kuàngquánshuǐ ― mineral water
- 蒸餾水／蒸馏水 ― zhēngliúshuǐ ― distilled water
- 水閘／水闸 ― shuǐzhá ― sluice
- 水力發電／水力发电 ― shuǐlìfādiàn ― hydroelectricity
- 碳水化合物 ― tànshuǐhuàhéwù ― carbohydrate
- 脫水／脱水 ― tuōshuǐ ― to dehydrate; dehydration
- 水中毒 ― shuǐzhōngdú ― water intoxication; water poisoning
- 雙氧水／双氧水 ― shuāngyǎngshuǐ ― hydrogen peroxide (literally, “water with two oxygen (atoms)”)
- liquid; potion; juice
- (colloquial, chiefly Singapore, Malaysia) Synonym of 飲料／饮料 (yǐnliào).
- (archaic) river
- body of water
- flood
- additional cost or income
- (dialectal) rain
- (Cantonese) money
- (Cantonese) hundred dollars (Classifier: 嚿 c)
- (Cantonese) source of revenue (Classifier: 條／条 c)
- (Cantonese) to fool; to deceive; to misguide
- to swim
- 水性 ― shuǐxìng ― swimming ability
- (colloquial) lacking substance or power; worthless
- Short for 划水 (huáshuǐ, “to shirk; to slack off”).
- one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行 (-))
- (colloquial) Classifier for the number of times clothing was washed.
- Sui people
- A surname
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 水 (“water”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 雨 (“rain”) [map]
- (beverage):
Compounds
Derived terms from 水
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Descendants
Others:
Etymology 2
| For pronunciation and definitions of 水 – see 媠 (“(Min Nan) pretty; beautiful”). (This character, 水, is a variant form of 媠.) |
References
- “水”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02124
- “Entry #823”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
- <水> at the Glyph Database from the Institute of History and Language of the Academia Sinica and the Institute of Information Science
Japanese
Readings
- Go-on: すい (sui, Jōyō)←すい (sui, historical)←すゐ (swi, ancient)
- Kan-on: すい (sui, Jōyō)←すい (sui, historical)←すゐ (swi, ancient)
- Kun: みず (mizu, 水, Jōyō)←みづ (midu, 水, historical); み (mi, 水); みな (mina, 水)
- Nanori: うず (uzu); ずみ (zumi); たいら (taira)←たひら (tafira, historical); つ (tsu); ど (do); な (na); なか (naka); みさ (misa); みつ (mitsu); みん (min); ゆ (yu); ゆく (yuku)
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 水 |
| みず Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨mi1du⟩ → */mʲidu/ → /mid͡zu/ → /mizu/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *mentu. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *medu.
Possibly cognate with 瑞 (mizu, “freshness, youth”).
Possible cognate with Proto-Tungusic *mū, Jurchen 木克 (mu-ke /muke/), Manchu ᠮᡠᡴᡝ (muke), Goguryeo 買 (*me, “river; water”), Mongolian мөрөн (mörön, “river”), Korean 물 (mul, “water”).
Noun
Usage notes
Note that, while mizu is the most general Japanese term for “water”, it does refer specifically to “[[water that is not hot#English|water that is not hot]]”. Meanwhile, the word 湯 (yu) refers specifically to “hot water”. Consider 水風呂 (mizu-buro, “cold-water bath”), contrasting with 風呂 (furo, “bath”, implying hot water).
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 水水 (mizumizu), 水々 (mizumizu)
- 水揚げ (mizuage, “landing”)
- 水飴 (mizuame)
- 水洗い (mizuarai)
- 水色 (mizu-iro)
- 湖 (mizuumi)
- 鳩尾 (mizōchi)
- 水着 (mizugi)
- 水際 (mizugiwa)
- 水草 (mizukusa)
- 水臭い (mizukusai)
- 水口 (mizuguchi)
- 水気 (mizuke)
- 水翻し (mizukoboshi)
- 水玉 (mizutama, “polka dot”)
- 水溜まる (mizu tamaru, pillow word)
- 水月 (Mizutsuki)
- 水漬く (mizutsuku)
- 水菜 (mizuna)
- 水魚 (Mizuna)
- 水成 (Mizunari)
- 壬 (Mizunoe)
- 癸 (Mizunoto)
- 水計り (mizubakari), 水準 (mizubakari)
- 水浸し (mizubitashi, “flooded out”)
- 水増し (mizumashi)
- 水村 (Mizumura)
- 水盛 (mizumori), 準 (mizumori)
- 水割り (mizuwari, “whiskey diluted with water”)
- 雨水 (amamizu)
- 大水 (ōmizu)
- 筐の水 (katami no mizu)
- 化粧水 (keshō sui)
- 誘い水 (sasoimizu, “pump priming”)
- 塩水 (shiomizu)
- 垂水 (Tarumizu)
- 力水 (chikara mizu)
- 手水 (temizu), 手水 (chōzu)
- 飲み水 (nomimizu, “drinking water”)
- 呼び水 (yobimizu, “pump priming”)
Idioms
Idioms
- 水入らず (mizu irazu)
- 水到りて渠成る (mizu itarite kyo naru)
- 水が合わない (mizu ga awanai)
- 水が漬く (mizu ga tsuku)
- 水が入る (mizu ga hairu)
- 水が引く (mizu ga hiku)
- 水涸る (mizukaru)
- 水澄む (mizusumu)
- 水で割る (mizu de waru)
- 水と油 (mizu to abura)
- 水にする (mizu ni suru)
- 水に流す (mizu ni nagasu)
- 水になる (mizu ni naru)
- 水に馴れる (mizu ni nareru)
- 水温む (mizunurumu)
- 水の滴るよう (mizu no shitataru yō)
- 水の流れと身の行方 (mizu no nagare to mi no yukue)
- 水も漏らさぬ (mizu mo morasanu)
- 水をあける (mizu o akeru)
- 水を打ったよう (mizu o utta yō)
- 水を得た魚のよう (mizu o eta uo no yō)
- 水を掛ける (mizu o kakeru)
- 水を差す (mizu o sasu)
- 水を向ける (mizu o mukeru)
- 油と水 (abura to mizu)
- 油に水 (abura ni mizu)
- 魚と水 (uo to mizu)
- 蛙の面へ水 (kaeru no tsura e mizu)
- 立て板に水 (tateita ni mizu)
- 寝耳に水 (nemimi ni mizu)
- 焼け石に水 (yakeishi ni mizu)
Proverbs
Proverbs
- 水清ければ魚棲まず (mizu kiyokereba uo sumazu)
- 水は方円の器に随う (mizu wa hōen no utsuwa ni shitagau)
- 君は舟臣は水 (kimi wa fune shin wa mizu)
- 君子の交わりは淡きこと水の如し (kunshi no majiwari wa awaki koto mizu no gotoshi)
Derived terms
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 水 |
| み Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨mi1⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/
From Old Japanese.
Typically found in compounds.[2]
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 澪 (mio), 水脈 (mio), 水尾 (mio)
- 水魚 (Mio)
- 水際 (migiwa), 汀 (migiwa), 渚 (migiwa)
- 水草 (mikusa)
- 水彩 (Misa)
- 水彩 (Misai)
- 溝 (mizo)
- 禊ぐ (misogu)
- 禊 (misogi)
- 霙 (mizore, “sleet”)
- 満つ (mitsu)
- 水月 (Mitsuki), 水月 (Mizuki)
- 水漬く (mizuku)
- 水彩 (Midori)
- 水上 (minakami)
- 漲る (minagiru)
- 水際 (minagiwa)
- 水下 (minashimo)
- 水底 (minasoko)
- 水無月 (minazuki)
- 港 (minato), 湊 (minato)
- 水俣 (Minamata)
- 水面 (minamo)
- 源 (minamoto)
- 水泡 (minawa)
- 水村 (Mimura)
- 泉 (izumi)
- 海 (umi)
- 垂水 (tarumi)
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 水 |
| すい Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
/ɕuwi/ → */suwi/ → /sui/
From Middle Chinese 水 (MC ɕˠiuɪX).
Noun
水 • (sui)
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 水位 (suī)
- 水域 (suīki)
- 水雲 (suiun)
- 水泳 (suiei)
- 水温 (suion)
- 水害 (suigai)
- 水牛 (suigyū)
- 水銀 (suigin)
- 水系 (suikei)
- 水鶏 (suikei)
- 水月 (suigetsu)
- 水源 (suigen)
- 水彩 (Suisai)
- 水際 (suisai)
- 水彩画 (suisaiga)
- 水産 (suisan)
- 水死 (suishi)
- 水質 (suishitsu)
- 水車 (suisha)
- 水準 (suijun)
- 水晶 (suishō)
- 水上 (suijō)
- 水蒸気 (suijōki)
- 水深 (suishin)
- 水星 (Suisei)
- 水仙 (suisen)
- 水洗 (suisen)
- 水素 (suiso)
- 水槽 (suisō)
- 水草 (suisō)
- 水族 (suizoku)
- 水中 (suichū)
- 水鳥 (suichō)
- 水滴 (suiteki)
- 水田 (suiden)
- 水稲 (suitō)
- 水筒 (suitō)
- 水道 (suidō)
- 水道水 (suidōsui)
- 水団 (suiton)
- 水爆 (suibaku)
- 水夫 (suifu)
- 水分 (suibun)
- 水平 (suihei)
- 水平線 (suiheisen)
- 水辺 (suihen)
- 水泡 (suihō)
- 水疱 (suihō)
- 水墨画 (suibokuga)
- 水面 (suimen)
- 水曜 (suiyō)
- 水溶 (suiyō)
- 水浴 (suiyoku)
- 水利 (suiri)
- 水量 (suiryō)
- 水力 (suiryoku)
- 水路 (suiro)
- 飲料水 (inryōsui)
- 汚水 (osui)
- 海水 (kaisui)
- 海水浴場 (kaisuiyokujō)
- 海水 (kaisui)
- 渇水 (kassui)
- 給水 (kyūsui)
- 下水 (gesui)
- 建水 (kensui)
- 湖水 (kosui)
- 香水 (kōsui)
- 降水 (kōsui)
- 洪水 (kōzui)
- 取水 (shusui)
- 浸水 (shinsui)
- 浄水 (jōsui)
- 泉水 (sensui)
- 潜水 (sensui)
- 増水 (zōsui)
- 脱水 (dassui)
- 淡水 (tansui)
- 炭水 (tansui)
- 断水 (dansui)
- 地下水 (chikasui)
- 治水 (chisui)
- 貯水 (chosui)
- 排水 (haisui)
- 噴水 (funsui)
- 法水 (hōsui), 法水 (hossui)
- 放水 (hōsui)
- 豊水 (hōsui)
- 防水 (bōsui)
- 湧水 (yūsui)
- 用水 (yōsui)
- 冷水 (reisui)
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 水 |
| もい Grade: 1 |
| irregular |
⟨mopi1⟩ → */mopʲi/ → /moɸi/ → /mowi/ → /moi/
From Old Japanese. Via metonymy from the word 椀, 盌 (moi, “bowl”), from the meaning of “that which goes in the 椀, 盌 (moi, “bowl”)”.[1][2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [mo̞i]
Derived terms
- 水取 (moitori), 主水 (moitori)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 水 (MC ɕˠiuɪX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄉᆔᆼ〯 (Yale: syǔy) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 믈〮 (Yale: múl) | 슈〮 (Yale: syú) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰu]
- Phonetic hangul: [수]
Compounds
Compounds
- 수구 (水球, sugu)
- 수도 (水稻, sudo)
- 수도 (水道, sudo)
- 수두 (水痘, sudu)
- 수로 (水路, suro)
- 수면 (水面, sumyeon)
- 수문 (水文, sumun)
- 수문 (水門, sumun)
- 수병 (水兵, subyeong)
- 수부 (水夫, subu)
- 수분 (水分, subun)
- 수성 (水星, suseong)
- 수소 (水素, suso)
- 수약 (水藥, suyak)
- 수영 (水泳, suyeong)
- 수원 (水原, ^suwon)
- 수원 (水源, suwon)
- 수위 (水位, suwi)
- 수은 (水銀, sueun)
- 수장 (水葬, sujang)
- 수전 (水田, sujeon)
- 수정 (水晶, sujeong)
- 수종 (水腫, sujong)
- 수준 (水準, sujun)
- 수채 (水彩, suchae)
- 수포 (水泡, supo)
- 강수 (降水, gangsu)
- 경수 (硬水, gyeongsu)
- 급수 (給水, geupsu)
- 냉수 (冷水, naengsu)
- 담수 (淡水, damsu)
- 무수 (舞水, ^musu)
- 배수 (排水, baesu)
- 분수 (噴水, bunsu)
- 빙수 (氷水, bingsu)
- 생수 (生水, saengsu)
- 성수 (聖水, seongsu)
- 약수 (藥水, yaksu)
- 양수 (羊水, yangsu)
- 연수 (軟水, yeonsu)
- 염수 (鹽水, yeomsu)
- 오수 (汚水, osu)
- 온수 (溫水, onsu)
- 왕수 (王水, wangsu)
- 유수 (流水, yusu)
- 중수 (重水, jungsu)
- 치수 (治水, chisu)
- 침수 (浸水, chimsu)
- 탕수 (湯水, tangsu)
- 폐수 (廢水, pyesu)
- 풍수 (風水, pungsu)
- 하수 (下水, hasu)
- 향수 (香水, hyangsu)
- 호수 (湖水, hosu)
- 홍수 (洪水, hongsu)
- 수문학 (水文學, sumunhak)
- 수산기 (水酸基, susan'gi)
- 수요일 (水曜日, suyoil)
- 수정체 (水晶體, sujeongche)
- 수족관 (水族館, sujokgwan)
- 수증기 (水蒸氣, sujeunggi)
- 수호전 (水滸傳, ^suhojeon)
- 강수량 (降水量, gangsuryang)
- 공수병 (恐水病, gongsubyeong)
- 자수정 (紫水晶, jasujeong)
- 잠수함 (潛水艦, jamsuham)
- 하수도 (下水道, hasudo)
- 해수욕 (海水浴, haesuyok)
- 결정수 (結晶水, gyeoljeongsu)
- 광천수 (鑛泉水, gwangcheonsu)
- 음료수 (飮料水, eumnyosu)
- 아전인수 (我田引水, ajeoninsu)
- 요산요수 (樂山樂水, yosanyosu)
- 탄수화물 (炭水化物, tansuhwamul)
Oki-No-Erabu
Kanji
水
Etymology
From Proto-Ryukyuan *mezu.
References
- “みじ【水】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Okinawan
Etymology
From earlier 水 (midu → midzu → mizu), attested in 1711 in the 混効験集 (Konkōkenshū), itself from Proto-Ryukyuan *mezu.
The word underwent a pronunciation change due to the shifting of /u/ to /i/ after alveolar consonants.
Cognate with Japanese 水 (mizu), Old Japanese 水 (mi1du).
Derived terms
Vietnamese
Han character
水: Hán Việt readings: thủy/thuỷ (
水: Nôm readings: thủy/thuỷ[1][2][4][6], nước[2]
Compounds
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Génibrel (1898).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Yonaguni
Kanji
水
Etymology
From Proto-Ryukyuan *mezu.
Possibly also related to Korean 물 (mul), Middle Korean 밀 (mil, “water”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [miŋ]
References
- “みん【水】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
- Nicolas Tranter, editor ((Can we date this quote?)) The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, Yonaguni, page 415
Yoron
Kanji
水
Etymology
From Proto-Ryukyuan *mezu.
Possibly also related to Korean 물 (mul), Middle Korean 밀 (mil, “water”).
References
- “みじ【水】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
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