花

花 U+82B1, 花
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82B1
← 芰
[U+82B0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 芲 →
[U+82B2]
花 U+2F993, 花
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F993
← 劳
[U+2F992] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 芳 →
[U+2F994]

Translingual
Stroke order
Simplified Chinese

Han character

花 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿人心 (TOP), four-corner 44214, composition ⿱艹化)

Derived characters

References

Chinese
trad. 花
simp. # 花
alternative forms 華／华
蘤／花
芲
𠌶

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 花
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訛 *ŋʷaːl
吪 *ŋʷaːl
鈋 *ŋʷaːl
囮 *lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤 *ŋʷaːl
靴 *hʷa
貨 *hŋʷaːls
花 *hʷraː
化 *hŋʷraːls
杹 *hŋʷraːls
匕 *pilʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hʷraː) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls). Originally 𠌶 or 華 before the Han dynasty.

Etymology

Unclear. According to Schuessler (2007), either from:

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːr (“bloom, flower”) and thus an example of possible *b ~ *w variation, with final -r moved to medial position. If so, cognate with 葩 (OC *pʰraː); outside Sinitic, compare Burmese ပန်း (pan:), Lepcha [script needed] (búr), Mizo páar. Sagart (2021) also connects it to 葩 (OC *pʰˤra), modifying Baxter and Sagart's (2014) reconstruction to *Cə-pʰˤra and proposing the sound changes *Cə-pʰ- > *Cə-ɸ- > *ɸ- > xw-.
  • Or from Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *pkaaw ~ *pkaʔ (“flower, blossom”).

華 (OC *ɡʷraː, “to flower”) is a derivative.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan:
    • hoe - vernacular;
    • hoa - literary.
Note:
  • huê1 - vernacular;
  • hua1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: 1ho; 1hua
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ho⁵³/, /hɯa̱⁵³/
Note:
  • 1ho - vernacular;
  • 1hua - literary.
Rime
Character 花
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 呼瓜切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /hˠua/
Pan
Wuyun		 /hʷᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen		 /xua/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /hwaɨ/
Li
Rong		 /xua/
Wang
Li		 /xwa/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /xwa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 huā
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 faa1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 花
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 huā
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ xwæ ›
Old
Chinese		 /*qʷʰˁra/
English flower (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 花
Reading # 1/1
No. 5326
Phonetic
component		 化
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 華
Old
Chinese		 /*hʷraː/
Notes 俗與華通用

Definitions

花

  1. flower; blossom (Classifier: 朵 m c; 支 m c; 蕊 h mn; 束 m c; 把 m; 盆 m c; 簇 m; 紮／扎 c)
    花朵  ―  huāduǒ  ―  flower
  2. florid; flowery
    花花綠綠／花花绿绿  ―  huāhualǜlǜ  ―  (please add an English translation of this example)
  3. pattern; design
    花纹  ―  huāwén  ―  花纹
  4. blurred
    眼花  ―  yǎnhuā  ―  to have blurred vision
  5. fireworks
    煙花／烟花  ―  yānhuā  ―  fireworks
  6. essence; cream
  7. wound
  8. Short for 天花 (tiānhuā, “smallpox”).
    種花／种花  ―  zhònghuā  ―  to vaccinate against smallpox
  9. courtesan; prostitute
  10. to spend (money, time, etc.); to cost
    這件衣服花了不到一百塊 [MSC, trad.]
    这件衣服花了不到一百块 [MSC, simp.]
    zhè jiàn yīfú huā le bùdào yībǎi kuài [Pinyin]
    This clothing cost less than 100 yuan.
  11. profligate
  12. (slang) randy; lecherous
  13. (slang) to be horny; to womanize
    儂又要去花儂個女朋友了是𠲎？ [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬又要去花侬个女朋友了是𠲎？ [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2007, 上海话大词典, page 52
    [nʊŋ²³ ɦiɜ³³  iɔ⁴⁴  t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴  ho⁴⁴  nʊŋ²³ ɦəʔ²²  n̠ʲy²² b̥ɑ̃⁵⁵ ɦiɜ²¹ ləʔ z̥z̩²² v̥a̱⁴⁴] [IPA]
    You're going to seduce your girlfriend again aren't you?
  14. false
  15. (Cantonese) scratched
    佢著咗呢對鞋兩個月就已經花嗮喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢着咗呢对鞋两个月就已经花嗮喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 zoek3 zo2 ni1 deoi3 haai4 loeng5 go3 jyut6 zau6 ji5 ging1 faa1 saai3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    He's worn the shoes for only two months and they're already all scratched up.
  16. (Cantonese, of images, drawings, patterns, etc.) over-colorful; chaotic; messy
  17. (Cantonese, card games) flush
  18. (Hong Kong) pip (insignia) (Classifier: 粒 c)
  19. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to extinguish; to put out (of fire)
  20. (Quanzhou Hokkien) to disappear (of a scar)
  21. (Shanghainese Wu) cotton
  22. (Shanghainese Wu) to tease
    儂覅來花我了，我根本覅儂搿本書。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬覅来花我了，我根本覅侬搿本书。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    From: 2007, 上海话大词典, page 52
    [nʊŋ²³ v̥iɔ²³ le̞²³ ho⁴⁴  ŋv̩ʷ²³ ləʔ ŋv̩ʷ²³ kəɲ⁵⁵ pəɲ²¹ v̥iɔ²³ nʊŋ²³ ɡ̊əʔ¹¹ pəɲ²³ sz̩⁵³] [IPA]
    Stop teasing me, I didn't even want your book in the first place.
  23. a surname. Hua

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 花朵 (“flower”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 花, 華
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 花朵, 花
Mandarin Beijing 花兒
Taiwan 花
Ulanhot 花兒
Tongliao 花兒
Chifeng 花兒
Bayanhot 花兒
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 花兒
Shenyang 花
Yantai (Muping) 花
Jinan 花
Luoyang 花兒
Wanrong 花兒
Zhengzhou 花兒
Xi'an 花
Yinchuan 花
Lanzhou 花兒, 花
Xining 花兒, 花
Ürümqi 花
Wuhan 花
Chengdu 花
Guiyang 花
Kunming 花
Guilin 花
Liuzhou 花
Xuzhou 花兒
Yangzhou 花
Nanjing 花
Hefei 花
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 花兒
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 花
Cantonese Guangzhou 花
Hong Kong 花
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 花
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 花
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 花
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 花
Macau 花
Guangzhou (Panyu) 花
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 花
Guangzhou (Conghua) 花
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 花
Foshan 花
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 花
Foshan (Shunde) 花
Foshan (Sanshui) 花
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 花
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 花
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 花
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 花
Zhuhai (Doumen) 花
Jiangmen (Baisha) 花
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 花
Taishan 花
Kaiping (Chikan) 花
Enping (Niujiang) 花
Heshan (Yayao) 花
Dongguan 花
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 花
Shaoguan 花
Yunfu 花
Yangjiang 花
Xinyi 花
Lianjiang 花
Nanning 花
Wuzhou 花
Yulin 花
Hepu (Lianzhou) 花
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 花
Gan Nanchang 花
Lichuan 花
Pingxiang 花
Hakka Meixian 花
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 花
Dongguan (Qingxi) 花
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 花
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 花
Conghua (Lütian) 花
Yudu 花
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 花
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 花
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 花
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 花
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 花
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 花
Hong Kong 花
Luchuan (Daqiao) 花
Senai (Huiyang) 花
Singkawang 花
Huizhou Jixi 花
Jin Taiyuan 花兒
Pingyao 花
Xinzhou 花兒
Taibus (Baochang) 花兒
Linhe 花
Jining 花兒
Hohhot 花兒
Baotou 花兒
Dongsheng 花兒
Haibowan 花兒
Min Bei Jian'ou 花
Min Dong Fuzhou 花
Fuqing 花
Matsu 花
Min Nan Xiamen 花, 花蕊
Quanzhou 花, 花蕊
Zhangzhou 花, 花蕊
Taipei 花, 花蕊
Penang (Hokkien) 花
Singapore (Hokkien) 花
Manila (Hokkien) 花
Pingnan (Shangdu) 花
Chaozhou 花
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 花
Leizhou 花
Haikou 花
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 花, 花朵
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 花
Shehua Fu'an 花
Fuding 花
Luoyuan 花
Sanming 花
Shunchang 花
Hua'an 花
Guixi (Zhangping) 花
Cangnan 花
Jingning 花
Lishui 花
Longyou 花
Chaozhou 花
Fengshun 花
Wu Shanghai 花
Shanghai (Chongming) 花
Suzhou 花
Hangzhou 花
Ningbo 花
Wenzhou 花
Jinhua 花
Xiang Changsha 花
Loudi 花
Shuangfeng 花
Quanzhou 花
  • (to spend time): (Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew) 使; (Min Nan) 開／开

Compounds
Derived terms from 花

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (花):
  • → Japanese: 花(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 화(花) (hwa)
  • → Vietnamese: hoa (花)

Others:

References

Japanese

Kanji
花

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. flower
  2. beauty
  3. red-light district

Readings

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
花
はな
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
華

/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) はな​ [hànáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ha̠na̠]
  • Audio(file)

Noun

花(はな) • (hana) 

  1. a flower
    • 1999 February 4, “火(か)炎(えん)草(そう) [Fire Grass]”, in Vol.1, Konami:
      火(か)山(ざん)の近(ちか)くに生(せい)息(そく)する草(くさ)。花(はな)から火(か)炎(えん)を吹(ふ)き攻(こう)撃(げき)する。
      Kazan no chikaku ni seisoku suru kusa. Hana kara kaen o fuki kōgeki suru.
      A grass that grows near volcanoes. It breathes fire from its flowers.
    • 1999 March 1, “ダーク・プラント [Dark Plant]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
      汚(お)染(せん)された土(つち)と闇(やみ)の力(ちから)で育(そだ)てられた花(はな)。とても凶(きょう)暴(ぼう)。
      Osen sareta tsuchi to yami no chikara de sodaterareta hana. Totemo kyōbō.
      A flower that grows from polluted soil and dark powers. It is very nasty.
    • 1999 May 25, “深(しん)淵(えん)に咲(さ)く花(はな) [The Flower That Blooms in the Abyss]”, in BOOSTER 2, Konami:
      光(ひかり)の届(とど)かない深(しん)淵(えん)にひっそりと咲(さ)く、あまり見(み)かけない花(はな)。
      Hikari no todokanai shin'en ni hissori to saku, amari mikakenai hana.
      A rarely seen flower that silently blooms in the depths of the abyss where the sun never shines.
    • 1999 July 5, “命(いのち)ある花(か)瓶(びん) [Living Vase]”, in BOOSTER 3, Konami:
      生(い)けてある花(はな)から、花(か)粉(ふん)を飛(と)ばし噛(か)みついてくる生(い)きている花(か)瓶(びん)。
      Iketearu hana kara, kafun o tobashi kamitsuitekuru ikiteiru kabin.
      A living vase that bites and releases pollen from its living flowers.
    花(はな)が咲(さ)く頃(ごろ)
    hana ga saku goro
    when the flowers bloom
  2. Short for 生け花 (ikebana): flower arrangement
  3. Short for 花札 (hanafuda): Japanese playing cards
  4. the best days of one's life
  5. the best thing
  6. essence
Compounds
はな

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
花
か
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Affix

花(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. flower
  2. red-light district
Compounds
か

Descendants

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Kikai

Kanji

花

Readings
  • Kun: ふぁな (fana, 花)

Etymology

Cognate to Japanese 花 (はな, hana).

Noun

花 (hiragana ふぁな, rōmaji fana)

  1. flower

References
  • “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 花 (MC hˠua).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448황 (Yale: hwà)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527곳 (Yale: kwòs)화 (Yale: hwà)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 花 (eumhun 꽃 화 (kkot hwa))

  1. Hanja form? of 화 (“flower”). [affix]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

花

Readings

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pʰanaː/

Noun

花 (hiragana ぱなー, rōmaji phanā)

  1. flower

Miyako

Kanji

花

Readings

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pana/

Noun

花 (hiragana ぱな, rōmaji pana)

  1. flower

Okinawan

Kanji
花

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
花
はな
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /hana/

Noun

花 (hiragana はな, rōmaji hana)

  1. (Shuri, Naha) flower

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
花
ふぁな
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Noun

花 (hiragana ふぁな, rōmaji fana)

  1. (Tancha) flower

References
  • “ふぁな【花】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

Han character

花: Hán Việt readings: hoa (呼(hô)瓜(qua)切(thiết))[1][2][3], huê[3]
花: Nôm readings: hoa[1][2][3][4], huê[1][3][4], oa[1], ba[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoa (“flower”).

Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

Yaeyama

Kanji

花

Readings

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pana/

Noun

花 (hiragana ぱな, rōmaji pana)

  1. flower

Yonaguni

Kanji

花

Readings

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /hana/

Noun

花 (hiragana はな, rōmaji hana)

  1. flower
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